Trends of recent data, AI/ML approaches for geospatial AI in Earth observation towards sustainable development goals

Authors: Shivangi Somvanshi, Deepak Kumar, Maya Kumari
Status: Final
Date of publication: 11 March 2025
Published in: ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies, Volume 6 (2025), Issue 1, Pages 11-28
Article DOI : https://doi.org/10.52953/CDIE7940

Abstract:
The integration of data science and Artificial Intelligence (AI) into geospatial analysis has revolutionized Earth observation, driving progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Recent developments in data acquisition technologies like high-resolution satellites and sensors have generated vast and diverse datasets for monitoring environmental changes and managing natural resources. Concurrently, innovations in Machine Learning (ML) and AI have significantly enhanced the processing, analysis and interpretation of this geospatial data. Techniques such as deep learning, spatial data mining and automated feature extraction are now essential to deriving actionable insights from complex geospatial datasets. This paper reviews the latest trends and breakthroughs in the application of AI/ML to geospatial data for Earth observation, emphasizing their role in advancing the SDGs. Key areas of focus include improved algorithms for land cover classification, disaster prediction and climate monitoring. These technologies enable more precise and timely responses to environmental challenges, such as deforestation, urbanization and natural disasters, thereby supporting sustainable management and policymaking. Furthermore, the integration of AI with geospatial data enhances predictive modelling, scenario planning and decision support systems, which are critical for achieving SDG targets related to environmental sustainability and resilience. The synthesis of recent research and technological developments highlights the potential of AI/ML approaches for geospatial analysis and their alignment with global sustainability goals. The outcomes underline the requirement for continued innovation and collaboration across disciplines to fully leverage these advancements for effective Earth observation and sustainable development.

Keywords: Climate change, data science, Earth observation, geospatial AI, spatial data mining, sustainability analytics, Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Rights: © International Telecommunication Union, available under the CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGO license.