Page 188 - ITU Journal Future and evolving technologies – Volume 2 (2021), Issue 2

ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies, Volume 2 (2021), Issue 2

ᆕ Ս
ɞ
Բ Պ ᆜ —ӱՏ •‹ ि Թ ՙ ᆤ ि •‹ ᆜ —ӱՏ ਷•‹ ᆩ —ӱՏ ीी
ȯ
φЈ ȯɱ ঢ় ɞ ि ी৞
Ց Տ
ᆤ
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— •‹ ि ि •‹ ᆜ —ӱՏ ਷•‹ ᆩ —ӱՏ ीी
ɞ
ᅭ օӴ—•ˆ ᆕ Ս ᆕ Ս
ɞ
Բ Պ ᆜ —ӱՎ •‹ ि Թ ՙ ᆤ ि •‹ ᆜ —ӱՎ ਷•‹ ᆩ —ӱՎ ीी Բ Պ ᆜ †ӱՐ •‹ ि Թ ՙ ᆤ ि •‹ ᆜ †ӱՐ ਷•‹ ᆩ †ӱՐ ीी Խ ᆫ Ր ࣾ ȋ†Ȍ Ս Պ Րသᆩ
ɞ
Բ
ȯ
ȯ
௴ φЈ ȯɱ ঢ় ɞ ि ी৞ ȯ ௴ ઑφЈ ȯɱ ɞ ि ी Ր ઑ
ᆤ
ɞ
ɞ
ᆤ
Վ୮෻ӱՎଈՏ •‹ ि ि •‹ ᆜ —ӱՎ ਷•‹ ᆩ —ӱՎ ीी Ց Վ Թ ՙ Ր୮෻ •‹ ि ि •‹ ᆜ †ӱՐ ਷•‹ ᆩ †ӱՐ ीी Ց Ր ՗ ȯӱՐ ՗ ɞӱՐ
ɞ ɞ
ȋͷͼȌ
ᆕ Ս
ɞ
Բ Պ ᆜ †ӱՏ •‹ ि Թ ՙ ᆤ ि •‹ ᆜ †ӱՏ ਷•‹ ᆩ †ӱՏ ीी Խ ᆫ Տ ࣾ ȋ†Ȍ Ս Պ Տသᆩ
Բ
ȯ
ȯ ઑφЈ ȯɱ ɞ ि ी Տ ઑ
Թ ՙ •‹ ि ि •‹ ᆜ †ӱՏ ਷•‹ ᆩ †ӱՏ ीी Ց Տ ՗ ȯӱՏ ՗ ɞӱՏ
ɞ
ᆤ
ᅭ † ᆕ Ս ɞ ᆕ Ս
օӴ—•ˆ
ɞ
Բ Պ ᆜ —ӱՎ •‹ ि Թ ՙ ᆤ ि •‹ ᆜ —ӱՎ ਷•‹ ᆩ —ӱՎ ीी Բ Պ ᆜ †ӱՐ •‹ ि Թ ՙ ᆤ ि •‹ ᆜ †ӱՐ ਷•‹ ᆩ †ӱՐ ीी Խ ᆫ Ր ࣾ ȋ†Ȍ Ս Պ Րသᆩ
ɞ
ȯ
ȯ
௴ φЈ ȯɱ ঢ় ɞ ि ी৞ ȯ ௴ ઑφЈ ȯɱ ɞ ि ी Բ Ր ઑ
ᆤ
ɞ
ᆤ
ɞ
Վ୮෻ӱ •‹ ि ि •‹ ᆜ —ӱՎ ਷•‹ ᆫ —ӱՎ ीी Ց Վ Թ ՙ Ր୮෻ӱՐଈՏ •‹ ि ि •‹ ᆜ †ӱՐ ਷•‹ ᆩ †ӱՐ ीी Ց Ր ՗ ȯӱՐ ՗ ɞӱՐ
ɞ ɞ
ȋͷͽȌ
–Š‡ ‡–™‘”Ǥ ‘–‡ –Šƒ– ‘Ž› –Š‡ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ƒ—•‡† „› ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽ• ȋ†‡•‹‰ •‘Ž—–‹‘•Ȍ –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ƒ†ƒ’–‡† –‘ –Š‡
–Š‡ —’Ǧ–‹Ž–‡† ƒ–‡ƒ• ‹• †‡’‡†‡– ‘ –Š‡ ƒ‰Ž‡•Ǥ ‡ —†‡”Ž›‹‰ ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡•Ȁ ‘•–”ƒ‹–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡ ‘ˆ
ƒŽ•‘ ‡‡’ –Š‡ ƒ‰Ž‡• ƒ„‘˜‡ –Š‡ Š‘”‹œ‘ Ž‡˜‡Ž ȋ‰”‡ƒ–‡” ‹–‡”‡•–Ǥ ‡ ‡ǡ ‹• ™‡ŽŽ •—‹–‡† –‘ ƒ† Šƒ• „‡‡
–Šƒ Ȍ ˆ‘” •ƒ˜‹‰ –Š‡ • ˆ”‘ ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‡š–‡•‹˜‡Ž› ƒ’’Ž‹‡† –‘ •‘Ž˜‡ ‘’Ž‡š †‡•‹‰ ‘’–‹‹œƒ–‹‘
ੋ
‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ Šƒ‰‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ‰Ž‡• ™‹ŽŽ ™‹–Š‘—– „‡‹‰ ‰—‹†‡† „› •–”‹‰‡– ƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹ ƒŽ
Šƒ‰‡ –Š‡ ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •‡”˜‹‰ Ȁƒ–‡ƒ •‡–•Ǥ ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ – ƒ ‡š’Ž‘”‡ –Š‡ ™Š‘Ž‡ •‡ƒ” Š •’ƒ ‡
˜‡”ƒŽŽǡ –Š‡ ‘’–‹‹œƒ–‹‘ ’”‘„Ž‡ ‹ ȋͷ;Ȍ ‹• ˜‡”› †‹ˆϐ‹ —Ž– •‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž›ǡ ƒ† Š‡ ‡ǡ ‹†‡–‹ˆ› Š‹‰Š “—ƒŽ‹–›
–‘ •‘Ž˜‡ ‡ˆϐ‹ ‹‡–Ž› •‹ ‡ –Š‡ ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ ˆ— –‹‘ ‹• Š‹‰ŠŽ› •‘Ž—–‹‘• ‘”‡ “—‹ Ž› –Šƒ ƒ ‡šŠƒ—•–‹˜‡ •‡ƒ” ŠǤ Š‡
‘Ǧ ‘˜‡š ™‹–Š ”‡•’‡ – –‘ †‡ ‹•‹‘ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡• Ⴜ ȏͳȐǤ †‡–ƒ‹Ž‡† ’”‹ ‹’Ž‡• ‘ˆ ƒ • Š‡‡ ƒ „‡ ˆ‘—† ‹ ȏʹͶȐǤ
—
Š‡ •‡ƒ” Š •’ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡ ‹• ‘–‹—‘—• ƒ† ‰”‘™•  –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ •—„•‡ –‹‘•ǡ ™‡ ‘—–Ž‹‡ ‘—” ’”‘’‘•‡†
‡š’‘‡–‹ƒŽŽ› ™‹–Š –Š‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ Ǥ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ †—‡ –‘ Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ƒ‰Ž‡ –—‹‰ ‡–Š‘† ˆ‘” ‘„–ƒ‹‹‰ –Š‡
–Š‡ ‘’Ž‡š ƒ–‡ƒ ’ƒ––‡” ƒ† –‹Ž–‹‰ ƒ‰Ž‡• ‹˜‘Ž˜‡†ǡ ‘’–‹ƒŽ •‘Ž—–‹‘ ‘ˆ ȋͷ;ȌǤ ‡ ƒ••—‡ –Šƒ– ‡ƒ Š
‹– ‹• ‘– ’‘••‹„Ž‡ –‘ ‘„–ƒ‹ –Š‡ Ž‘•‡†Ǧˆ‘” ‘’–‹ƒŽ •‡†• ‘Ž› ‹–• Š‘•‡ ƒ‰Ž‡ ƒ† –Š‡ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ
•‘Ž—–‹‘• „› –ƒ‹‰ –Š‡ †‡”‹˜ƒ–‹˜‡• ‘ˆ ȋͷͼȌ ƒ† ȋͷͽȌ ‡˜‡ –Š‡ • ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š ‹– –‘ ƒ ‡–”ƒŽ •‡”˜‡”Ǥ Š‡
—†‡” ƒ ˆ”‡‡Ǧ•’ƒ ‡ ’ƒ–ŠǦŽ‘•• ‘†‡Ž ƒ† ƒ •‹‹Žƒ” •‡”˜‡” ƒ –Š‡ ”— –Š‡ ’”‘’‘•‡† Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ƒŽ‰‘”‹–Š ƒ†
ƒ‰Ž‡ ˆ‘” ƒŽŽ –Š‡ •Ǥ ••—‹‰ –Š‡ –‹Ž–‹‰ ƒ‰Ž‡• –‘ „‡ ੋ ‘’—–‡ –Š‡ ‘’–‹— ƒ‰Ž‡•Ǥ
ˆ‘” •‹’Ž‹ϐ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ƒ• †‘‡ ‹ ȏʹ͸Ȑ ™‹ŽŽ ‘– ”‡’”‡•‡– ƒ
”‡ƒŽ‹•–‹ ‡ŽŽ—Žƒ” ‡–™‘” • ‡ƒ”‹‘Ǥ
ͷǤͳ ‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘
•‹‰ ƒ ‡šŠƒ—•–‹˜‡ •‡ƒ” Š ‡–Š‘† ‹• ƒŽ•‘ ‘’—–ƒ–‹‘Ǧ
ƒŽŽ› ’”‘Š‹„‹–‹˜‡ •‹ ‡ ‹–• ‘’Ž‡š‹–› ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡• ‡š’‘‡Ǧ – ϐ‹”•–ǡ •‘‡ ”ƒ†‘Ž› ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡† ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡ •‘Ž—–‹‘• ˆ‘”
–‹ƒŽŽ› ™‹–Š —„‡” ‘ˆ • ‘” —’Ǧ–‹Ž–‡† ƒ–‡ƒ •‡–•Ǥ ‘ –Š‡ ‘’–‹‹œƒ–‹‘ ’”‘„Ž‡ ƒ”‡ ‡ ‘†‡† ‹ ƒ Š”‘‘•‘‡Ǧ
‘˜‡” ‘‡ –Š‡•‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ǡ ‹ –Š‡ ‡š– •‡ –‹‘ǡ ™‡ ‹Ǧ Ž‹‡ •–”‹‰•Ǥ Š‡ ‘ŽŽ‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡ •‘Ž—–‹‘•
–”‘†— ‡ ‘—” Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ƒ‰Ž‡ ‘’–‹‹œƒ–‹‘ ‡–Š‘† ˆ‘” ‘” Š”‘‘•‘‡• ƒ”‡ ”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ ƒ• ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ  ‘–Š‡”
ƒš‹‹œ‹‰ –Š‡ ‹‹— Ǥ ‘–‡ –Š‡ ‰ƒ‹ †—‡ ™‘”†•ǡ ‡„‡”• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ƒ”‡ –Š‡ ˜‡ –‘”• ‘ˆ ’‘•Ǧ
–‘ –Š‡ ‡ ‹• ‘– ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ –—‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ‰Ž‡• ƒ† –Š‡ •‹„Ž‡ ƒ‰Ž‡• ˆ‘” ‘—” ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‡† ‘’–‹‹œƒ–‹‘ ’”‘„Ž‡Ǥ
‰ƒ‹ ƒ „‡ ƒŽ —Žƒ–‡† „› •‹’Ž› ‘– ‘•‹†‡”‹‰ –Š‡ ”‡Ǧ ‘–‡ –Šƒ– ‡ƒ Š ‡„‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ —•– ’”‘˜‹†‡
‡‹˜‡† ’‘™‡” ˆ”‘ –Š‡ †‘™Ǧ–‹Ž–‡† ƒ–‡ƒ•Ǥ Š‡ ”ƒ–‡• ƒ ‘’Ž‡–‡ •‘Ž—–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡Ǥ Š‡ •‹œ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‘Ǧ
‘ˆ –Š‡ • ™Š‘ ƒ”‡ ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ †‘™Ǧ–‹Ž–‡† ƒǦ ’—Žƒ–‹‘ †‘‡• ‘– Šƒ‰‡ ‘˜‡” –‹‡ —•—ƒŽŽ›Ǥ ‘ ‡‡–
–‡ƒ• ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ”‡†— ‡† „› –Š‡ “—ƒ–‹–› ᅬ ƒ• •Š‘™ ‹ –Š‡ ‘•–”ƒ‹–ǡ –Š‡ ƒ‰Ž‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘ ƒ”‡
ȋͷͻȌ ƒ† –Š‡‹” • ™‹ŽŽ ƒŽ•‘ „‡ ‹’ƒ –‡† „› –Š‡ Š‘‹ ‡ ‘ˆ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š‹ –Š‡ ˆ‡ƒ•‹„Ž‡ •‡ƒ” Š •’ƒ ‡Ǥ
–Š‡ ƒ‰Ž‡•Ǥ
ͷǤ Ǧ Ǧ ͷǤʹ ‹–‡•• ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘

Š‡ ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ ˆ— –‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡ ‹• —•‡† –‘ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡
Š‡ ‹• ƒ •–‘ Šƒ•–‹ ’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ‘’–‹‹œƒ–‹‘ –Š‡ ϐ‹–‡•• ‘ˆ ‡ƒ Š Š”‘‘•‘‡Ǥ  ‘—” ƒ•‡ǡ –Š‡ ”ƒ†‘Ž›
–‡ Š‹“—‡ –Šƒ– ‹‹ • –Š‡ ‡–ƒ’Š‘” ‘ˆ ƒ–—”ƒŽ „‹‘Ž‘‰‹Ǧ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡† ƒ‰Ž‡• ƒ”‡ —•‡† ƒ• ‹’—–• –‘ –Š‡ •‹—Žƒ–‘”
ƒŽ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‹• ƒ ‡ˆϐ‹ ‹‡– –‘‘Ž ‹ •‡ƒ” Š‹‰ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ˆ‘” ‘„–ƒ‹‹‰ –Š‡ ‹‹— ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ –Š‡ †‹• ”‡–‡ Ž‘Ǧ
‰Ž‘„ƒŽ ‘’–‹— ȏʹͶȐǤ – „‘””‘™• –Š‡ ‹†‡ƒ ‘ˆ Dz•—”˜‹˜ƒŽ ‘ˆ ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ Š‡ Š‹‰Š‡” –Š‡ ‹‹— ‘ˆ ƒ •‘Ž—–‹‘ ‹•ǡ –Š‡
–Š‡ ϐ‹––‡•–dz ‹ ‹–• •‡ƒ” Š ’”‘ ‡•• –‘ •‡Ž‡ – ƒ† ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ „‡––‡” –Š‡ ϐ‹–‡•• ˜ƒŽ—‡ ‹• ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š ‹–Ǥ
174 © International Telecommunication Union, 2021