Page 183 - ITU Journal Future and evolving technologies – Volume 2 (2021), Issue 2

ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies, Volume 2 (2021), Issue 2

ƒ„Ž‡ ʹ Ȃ ‘–ƒ–‹‘ Ž‹•–
‘–ƒ–‹‘ ‡• ”‹’–‹‘
ԗ ƒŽ–‹–—†‡
ԅ ”ƒ•‹– ’‘™‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ •
෠ ‡– ‘ˆ Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘•
෡ ‡– ‘ˆ
ԃ —„‡” ‘ˆ ˜‡”–‹ ƒŽŽ› ’Žƒ ‡† ƒ–‡ƒ•
֏
ᅿ — ’Ǧ–‹Ž– ƒ‰Ž‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ —’Ǧ–‹Ž–‡† ƒ–‡ƒ•
ᅿ † ‘™Ǧ–‹Ž– ƒ‰Ž‡ ‘ˆ †‘™Ǧ–‹Ž–‡† ƒ–‡ƒ•
ȋ—Ȍ
ԗ ‡‹‰Š– ‘ˆ –Š‡ —’Ǧ–‹Ž–‡† ƒ–‡ƒ•
ԗ ȋ†Ȍ ‡‹‰Š– ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‘™Ǧ–‹Ž–‡† ƒ–‡ƒ•

ԗ † ‡‹‰Š– †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡ „‡–™‡‡ —’Ǧ–‹Ž–‡† ƒ† †‘™Ǧ–‹Ž–‡† ƒ–‡ƒ•
ᅲ † Ž‡˜ƒ–‹‘ ƒ‰Ž‡ ™Ǥ”Ǥ–Ǥ †‘™Ǧ–‹Ž–‡† ƒ–‡ƒ•
Ӽ ᅲ Ž‡‡– ‰ƒ‹ ™Ǥ”Ǥ–Ǥ †‘™Ǧ–‹Ž–‡† ƒ–‡ƒ•
ր †
Ӽ ƒš ƒš‹— ‰ƒ‹ ‘ˆ ‡ƒ Š ƒ–‡ƒ ‡Ž‡‡–
ր
†
Ӽ ᅲ ‘–ƒŽ ƒ–‡ƒ ‰ƒ‹ ƒ– ‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‹‘ ƒ‰Ž‡ ᅲ ™Ǥ”Ǥ–Ǥ †‘™Ǧ–‹Ž–‡† ƒ–‡ƒ•
†
†
—
Ӽ ᅲ ‘–ƒŽ ƒ–‡ƒ ‰ƒ‹ ƒ– ‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‹‘ ƒ‰Ž‡ ᅲ ™Ǥ”Ǥ–Ǥ —’Ǧ–‹Ž–‡† ƒ–‡ƒ•
—
—
 ‹†‡ǦŽ‘„‡ Ž‡˜‡Ž Ž‹‹–
ȋ—Ȍ
ԅ ‡ ‡‹˜‡† ’‘™‡” ˆ”‘ –Š‡ —’Ǧ–‹Ž–‡† ƒ–‡ƒ• ‘ˆ ԙ
օ
ԅ օ ȋ†Ȍ ‡ ‡‹˜‡† ’‘™‡” ˆ”‘ –Š‡ †‘™Ǧ–‹Ž–‡† ƒ–‡ƒ• ‘ˆ ԙ
ᅶ ƒ˜‡Ž‡‰–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ””‹‡” ˆ”‡“—‡ ›
ȋ˜Ȍ
ࣞ
Ӽ ᅲ ‡‹‰Š–Ǧ†‡’‡†‡– ƒ–‡ƒ ‰ƒ‹ ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‹”‡ – ’ƒ–Š
օ ˜
ȋ†Ȍ
ࣴ
Ӽ ԗ ‡‹‰Š–Ǧ†‡’‡†‡– ƒ–‡ƒ ‰ƒ‹ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡ϐŽ‡ –‡† ’ƒ–Š
օ
ᆁ օ ‰Ž‡ ‘ˆ ”‡ϐŽ‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ ԙ
ԇ ᆁ ”‘—† ”‡ϐŽ‡ –‹‘ ‘‡ˆϐ‹ ‹‡– ˆ‘” –Š‡ ƒ‰Ž‡ ‘ˆ ”‡ϐŽ‡ –‹‘ ᆁ ‘ˆ ԙ
օ օ
ငᅿ օ Šƒ•‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ”‡ϐŽ‡ –‡† ƒ† –Š‡ †‹”‡ – •‹‰ƒŽ ’ƒ–Š• ‘ˆ ԙ
ᅫ ԗ Š‡‹‰Š– †‡’‡†‡– ’”‘’ƒ‰ƒ–‹‘ ‘‡ˆϐ‹ ‹‡–
ȋ†Ȍ
ࣞ
Ӽ ᆁ –‡ƒ ‰ƒ‹ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹ ‹†‡– ’ƒ–Š ‘ –Š‡ ‰”‘—†
օ օ
ᅭ — ‘ˆ ƒ ‘‡ –‡† –‘ —’Ǧ–‹Ž–‡† ƒ–‡ƒ• ‘ˆ ԙ †—”‹‰ — ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡† •—„ˆ”ƒ‡•
օӴ—•ˆ
ᅭ — ‘ˆ ƒ ‘‡ –‡† –‘ —’Ǧ–‹Ž–‡† ƒ–‡ƒ• ‘ˆ ԙ †—”‹‰ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡† •—„ˆ”ƒ‡•
օӴ •ˆ
ᅭ † ‘ˆ ƒ ‘‡ –‡† –‘ †‘™Ǧ–‹Ž–‡† ƒ–‡ƒ• ‘ˆ ԙ †—”‹‰ — ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡† •—„ˆ”ƒ‡•
օӴ—•ˆ
ᅭ † ‘ˆ ƒ ‘‡ –‡† –‘ †‘™Ǧ–‹Ž–‡† ƒ–‡ƒ• ‘ˆ ԙ †—”‹‰ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‡† •—„ˆ”ƒ‡•
օӴ •ˆ
‰”‹† ™‹–Š ƒ ϐ‹š‡† ‹–‡”Ǧ•‹–‡ †‹•–ƒ ‡ ȋ ȌǤ  ‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‹‘ –‹Ž–‡† „› ƒ‰Ž‡ ᅿ ȏͷǡ ͸ȐǤ ‡ ‘•‹†‡” –Š‡ ƒ–‡ƒ• –‘
†
‘ˆ •— Š ƒ ‡–™‘” ‹• ’”‡•‡–‡† ‹ ‹‰Ǥ ͳǤ ‡”‡ǡ ™‡ †‘ ‘– „‡ ‘‹†‹”‡ –‹‘ƒŽ ‹ –Š‡ Š‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽ ’Žƒ‡ „—– –Š‡› Šƒ˜‡
‘•‹†‡” ™”ƒ’ƒ”‘—† ȏͶͲǡ ͶͳȐ ƒ† –Š—•ǡ ™‡ ™‹ŽŽ ‘Ž› ˆ‘ —• ƒ ˜ƒ”‹ƒ„Ž‡ ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ ’ƒ––‡”• ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ ˜‡”–‹ ƒŽ †‹‡•‹‘
‘ –Š‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ Š‡šƒ‰‘ƒŽ ‡ŽŽ –‘ ƒ’Ǧ ™‹–Š ”‡•’‡ – –‘ –Š‡ ‡Ž‡˜ƒ–‹‘ ƒ‰Ž‡ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡ ƒ–‡ƒ•
–—”‡ –Š‡ ‹’ƒ – ‘ˆ ‹–‡”Ǧ ‡ŽŽ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‡‹‰ŠǦ ƒ† –Š‡ —•‡”• ȏͳ͹ȐǤ
„‘”‹‰ ‡ŽŽ•Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‘—” ƒƒŽ›•‹• ƒ ‡ƒ•‹Ž› „‡ ‡š–‡†‡†
–‘ Žƒ”‰‡” ‡ŽŽ—Žƒ” ‡–™‘”• ™‹–Š †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– †‹•–”‹„—Ǧ ‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ˆ”‘ –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‡ŽŽ—Žƒ” ‡–™‘” •‡––‹‰ǡ
–‹‘•Ǥ ‡”‡‹ƒˆ–‡”ǡ ™‡ ™‹ŽŽ —•‡ –Š‡ –‡”• Ǯ ǯ ƒ† Ǯ ‡ŽŽǯ Š‡”‡ǡ ™‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‘•‹†‡” –Š‡ ’”‡•‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ƒ‘–Š‡” •‡– ‘ˆ ƒǦ
‹–‡” Šƒ‰‡ƒ„Ž›Ǥ ‘ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ‘—– –Š‡ ‹’ƒ – ‘ˆ †‹•–”‹Ǧ –‡ƒ• ‘ –‘’ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—• ‘‡•ǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ ’”‘˜‹†‡
„—–‹‘ǡ ™‡ †‹˜‹†‡ –Š‡ ‡–‡” ‡ŽŽ ‹–‘ †‹• ”‡–‡ ‰”‹† ’‘‹–•ǡ ‘‡ –‹˜‹–› –‘ –Š‡ • —•‹‰ ƒ‰Ž‡ ᅿ Ǥ ‹ ‡ –Š‡ •
—
ƒ† ƒ ‹• ’Žƒ ‡† ‘ ‡ƒ Š ‰”‹† ’‘‹– ƒ– ƒ Š‡‹‰Š– ԗ Ǥ •‡”˜‡† „› ‘Ž› †‘™Ǧ–‹Ž–‡† ƒ–‡ƒ• •—ˆˆ‡” ˆ”‘ ’‘‘”
‘–‡ –Šƒ– ƒ Ž‘•‡” ‹–‡”Ǧ †‹•–ƒ ‡ ‘” Š‹‰Š‡” ‰”‹† ”‡•‘Ǧ ‘‡ –‹˜‹–› ƒ† •‡˜‡”‡ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡ǡ —’Ǧ–‹Ž–‡† ƒ–‡ƒ•
Ž—–‹‘ ™‹ŽŽ ’”‘˜‹†‡ ‘”‡ ϐ‹‡Ǧ‰”ƒ‹‡† ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ –Š‡ ƒ „‡ —•‡† –‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡ ”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡ ‘‡ –‹˜‹–› –‘ –Š‡ • ȏͳǡ
‡ŽŽ—Žƒ” ‡–™‘” Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹•–‹ • •— Š ƒ• ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡ǡ ͳʹȐǤ ‘–‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ƒ–‡ƒ –‹Ž– ƒ‰Ž‡ ‹• ‘„–ƒ‹‡† „› ‹–”‘Ǧ
ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ ”‡ ‡‹˜‡† •‹‰ƒŽ •–”‡‰–Šǡ ‡– Ǥ ƒ– –Š‡ Š‡‹‰Š– †— ‹‰ ƒ ϐ‹š‡† ’Šƒ•‡ •Š‹ˆ– –‘ –Š‡ •‹‰ƒŽ ‘ˆ ‡ƒ Š ‡Ž‡‡–Ǥ ‡
ԗ Ǥ ƒ Š ‹• ƒ••—‡† –‘ „‡ ‡“—‹’’‡† ™‹–Š ƒ •‹‰Ž‡ †‡ϐ‹‡ ԗ ȋ—Ȍ ƒ† ԗ ȋ†Ȍ ǡ ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›ǡ ƒ• –Š‡ Š‡‹‰Š– ‘ˆ –Š‡ —’Ǧ

‘‹†‹”‡ –‹‘ƒŽ ƒ–‡ƒǤ Š‡ •‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘• ƒ† –‹Ž–‡† ƒ–‡ƒ• ƒ† †‘™Ǧ–‹Ž–‡† ƒ–‡ƒ•Ǥ Š‡ –™‘ •‡–•
–Š‡ • ƒ „‡ ‡š’”‡••‡† ƒ• ෠ ƒ† ෡ǡ ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ ‘ˆ ƒ–‡ƒ •‡–—’• ƒ”‡ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡† „› ƒ Š‡‹‰Š– †‹ˆˆ‡”‡ ‡ ԗ ǡ
ȋ—Ȍ ȋ†Ȍ †
‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ ԗ ԗ ਷ ԗ Ǥ ‡ ‘•‹†‡” –Šƒ– ƒŽŽ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •
†
‡ƒŽ•‘ƒ••—‡–Šƒ–ƒŽŽ •Šƒ˜‡‡“—ƒŽƒŽ–‹–—†‡• ԗ ƒ† ƒ† –Š‡‹” •‡–• ‘ˆ ƒ–‡ƒ• •Šƒ”‡ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ –‹‡ ƒ† ˆ”‡Ǧ
–”ƒ•‹••‹‘ ’‘™‡” ԅ Ǥ Š‡ • ‘•‹•– ‘ˆ ԃ ˜‡”–‹Ǧ “—‡ › ”‡•‘—” ‡•Ǥ Š‡ • ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡
֏
ƒŽŽ› ’Žƒ ‡† ”‘••Ǧ’‘Žƒ”‹œ‡† †‹”‡ –‹‘ƒŽ ƒ–‡ƒ• †‘™Ǧ ƒ–‡ƒ •‡– ȋ—’Ǧ–‹Ž–‡† ‘” †‘™Ǧ–‹Ž–‡†Ȍ ‘ˆ –Š‡
© International Telecommunication Union, 2021 169