Page 180 - ITU Journal Future and evolving technologies – Volume 2 (2021), Issue 2

ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies, Volume 2 (2021), Issue 2

Š‡ ‘Ǧ–”‹˜‹ƒŽ ‹’ƒ – ‘ˆ ‰”‘—† ”‡ϐŽ‡ –‹‘ ȋ Ȍ ƒ– ‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ–‡ƒ ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ ’ƒ––‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‘™Ǧ–‹Ž–‡†
‹ŽŽ‹‡–‡”Ǧ ™ƒ˜‡ ȋ ƒ˜‡Ȍ „ƒ†• ‹• ƒŽ•‘ †‹• —••‡† ƒ–‡ƒ•Ǥ ‘ ”‡’”‡•‡– –Š‡ ‹’ƒ – ‘ˆ ƒ–‡ƒ †‹”‡ Ǧ
‹ ȏͳʹǡ ͳ͵Ȑǡ ™Š‡”‡ ƒ—–Š‘”• ‹–”‘†— ‡ –Š‡ ‘ ‡’– ‘ˆ –‹˜‹–›ǡ ™‡ ‘†‹ˆ› –Š‡ Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ’ƒ–ŠǦŽ‘•• ‘†‡Ž ‹Ǧ
‘Ǧ Šƒ‡Ž —’–‹Ž–‡† ƒ† †‘™Ǧ–‹Ž–‡† ƒ–‡ƒ• ˆ‘” –”‘†— ‡† ‹ ȏͳͳȐ –‘ ƒ’–—”‡ –Š‡ ‹’ƒ – ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ–‡ƒ
•‡”˜‹‰ • ƒ† • ‹ –Š‡  ƒ˜‡ †‘ƒ‹Ǥ †‹”‡ –‹˜‹–›Ǥ ‡’‡†‹‰ ‘ –Š‡ ƒ‰Ž‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‘™Ǧ
Š‡‹” ”ƒ›Ǧ–”ƒ ‹‰Ǧ„ƒ•‡† •‹—Žƒ–‹‘• ƒ’–—”‡† –Š‡ –‹Ž–‡† ƒ–‡ƒ•ǡ ‘—” ƒƒŽ›•‹• •Š‘™• –Šƒ– –Š‡ ƒ
‹’ƒ – ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ‰—Žƒ” •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‘• „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡•‡
–™‘ ƒ–‡ƒ• ‘ –Š‡ ‘˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‡ •–”‘‰‡” ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡ –Šƒ –Š‡ ƒ–‡ƒǯ• •‹†‡
‡–™‘”Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ ƒ—–Š‘”• †‹† ‘– ‘•‹†‡” –Š‡ Ž‘„‡• ™Š‡ –Š‡ Š‘”‹œ‘–ƒŽ †‹•–ƒ ‡ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡
’”‡•‡ ‡ ‘ˆ —Ž–‹’Ž‡ • ‹ –Š‡‹” ™‘”Ǥ ƒ† ƒ ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡•Ǥ
Š‡ ’”‡•‡ ‡ ‘ˆ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡ ‘Ǧ Šƒ‡Ž —’Ǧ–‹Ž–‡†
ƒ–‡ƒ •‡–• ƒ Š‡Ž’ ‡–™‘” ’”‘˜‹†‡”• –‘ Ȉ › ‘•‹†‡”‹‰ ƒ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡ǦŽ‹‹–‡† ‡ŽŽ—Žƒ”
‡•—”‡ ƒ Š‹‰Š •‹‰ƒŽǦ–‘Ǧ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ”ƒ–‹‘ ȋ Ȍ ‡–™‘”ǡ ™‡ ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‡ ƒ ‘’–‹‹œƒ–‹‘ ’”‘„Ž‡ –‘
ˆ‘” ‡ŽŽ—Žƒ”Ǧ ‘‡ –‡† •Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ’”‘’‡” ƒš‹‹œ‡ –Š‡ ‹‹— ‘ˆ –Š‡ • „› –—‹‰ –Š‡
ƒ†Œ—•–‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ —’Ǧ–‹Ž– ȋ Ȍ ƒ‰Ž‡• ‹• ‘ˆ ƒ‰Ž‡• ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ –Š‡ —’Ǧ–‹Ž–‡† ƒ–‡ƒ• ‹ –Š‡ ‡–™‘”Ǥ
”‹–‹ ƒŽ ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ •‹ ‡ –Š‡•‡ ‡š–”ƒ ƒ–‡ƒ• ‹ ‡ –Š‹• ‹• ƒ ǦŠƒ”† ’”‘„Ž‡ǡ ™‡ ’”‘’‘•‡ ƒ •‹Ǧ
ƒ ”‡ƒ–‡ •–”‘‰ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡ –‘™ƒ”†• ’Ž‡ ‡–ƒǦŠ‡—”‹•–‹ •Ǧ„ƒ•‡† –‡ Š‹“—‡ǡ ™Š‹ Š –—‡•
–Š‡ Ǧ Ž‹• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡–™‘” ȏͳʹȐǤ Š‡ –Š‡ ƒ‰Ž‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ • –‘ ‡•—”‡ Š‹‰Š ‹‹—
™‘”• ‹ ȏͳǡ ʹȐ ƒŽ•‘ •—‰‰‡•–‡† •— Š †‡†‹ ƒ–‡† Ǥ —” ’”‘’‘•‡† ‡–Š‘† —•‡• –Š‡ ‰‡‡–‹ ƒŽ‰‘Ǧ
—’Ǧ–‹Ž–‡† ‡ŽŽ• ˆ‘” •‡”˜‹‰ –Š‡ •Ǣ Š‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –‘ –Š‡ ”‹–Š ȋ Ȍǡ ƒ ™‡ŽŽǦ‘™ ‡–ƒǦŠ‡—”‹•–‹ • ƒŽ‰‘”‹–Š
„‡•– ‘ˆ ‘—” ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǡ ‘ ’”‹‘” ™‘” ‘•‹†‡”• –Š‡ –Šƒ– ƒ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ •—„‘’–‹ƒŽ •‘Ž—–‹‘• ‡ˆϐ‹ ‹‡–Ž› ‹
’”‘„Ž‡ ‘ˆ –—‹‰ –Š‡ —’Ǧ–‹Ž–‡† ƒ–‡ƒ• ˆ‘” ‘„–ƒ‹‹‰
„‡––‡” ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ ‹ ƒ —Ž–‹Ǧ • ‡ƒ”‹‘Ǥ ƒ ‹–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‡–Š‘† ȏʹͶȐǤ
‘–‡ –Šƒ–ǡ ‹ •— Š ƒ –™‘Ǧƒ–‡ƒ •‡–—’ǡ –Š‡ †‘™Ǧ–‹Ž–‡† Ȉ ‹ ‡ –Š‡ • ™‹ŽŽ ‡š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ˆ”‘
ƒ–‡ƒ• ”‡ƒ–‡ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡ –‘ –Š‡ • „› –Š‡ ‡š–”ƒ —’Ǧ–‹Ž–‡† ƒ–‡ƒ •‡–• ƒŽ‘‰ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ƒǦ
ƒ–‡ƒ •‹†‡ Ž‘„‡• ƒ† –Š‡ Ǥ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ –‡ƒ •‹†‡ Ž‘„‡• ƒ† • ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‘™Ǧ–‹Ž–‡† ƒ–‡Ǧ
†‘™Ǧ–‹Ž– ȋ Ȍ ƒ‰Ž‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ †‘™Ǧ–‹Ž–‡† ƒ–‡ƒ• ƒ ƒ•ǡ Š‡”‡ǡ ™‡ ‘•‹†‡” –Š‡ ͵ ‡Ž‡ƒ•‡ǦͳͲ •’‡ ‹ϐ‹‡†
‹’ƒ – –Š‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ • ƒ• –Š‡› ‡ –‡ Š‹“—‡ –‘ ‡•—”‡ –Š‡ ”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡ ‘‡š‹•–‡ ‡ ‘ˆ
ƒ „‡ –—‡† –‘ ‹–‹‰ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ‹–‡”Ǧ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ‡ŽŽ—Žƒ”Ǧ ‘‡ –‡† • ƒ† •Ǥ Š‡ „ƒ•‹ ‹†‡ƒ ‹•
ˆ‘” •Ǥ ‡ ‡ǡ ‹– ƒ› ‘– ƒŽ™ƒ›• „‡ ’‘••‹„Ž‡ ‘”
‘˜‡‹‡– –‘ –—‡ –Š‡ ƒ‰Ž‡• ‘ˆ ‡ŽŽ—Žƒ” ‡–™‘”• –Šƒ– –Š‡ †‘™Ǧ–‹Ž–‡† ƒ–‡ƒ• ™‹ŽŽ •–‘’ –”ƒ•‹••‹‘
–‘ ‘’–‹‹œ‡ ‘˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ˆ‘” „‘–Š ‰”‘—† ƒ† ƒ‡”‹ƒŽ †—”‹‰ •‘‡ ’‘”–‹‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ –”ƒ•‹••‹‘ †—”ƒǦ
—•‡”•Ǥ Š—•ǡ –‘ ‹–‹‰ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡ •–‡‹‰ –‹‘ –‘ ”‡†— ‡ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ƒ– –Š‡ • ‹ Ǥ ‡
ˆ”‘ –Š‡ †‘™Ǧ–‹Ž–‡† ƒ–‡ƒ• ‘ –Š‡ •ǡ ™‡ †‹• —•• ‡ „”‹‡ϐŽ› Žƒ–‡” ‹ –Š‹• ’ƒ’‡”Ǥ
ƒ ‘•‹†‡” ‡š‹•–‹‰ ‹–‡”Ǧ ‡ŽŽ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡
‘‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘ ȋ Ȍ –‡ Š‹“—‡• ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† Ȉ ‡ ‘†— – ƒ† ’”‡•‡– ‡š–‡•‹˜‡ •‹—Žƒ–‹‘• –‘
ˆ‘” Š‡–‡”‘‰‡Ǧ‡‘—• ‡–™‘”•ǡ ƒ‡Ž›ǡ –Š‡ ͵ •–—†› –Š‡ ‹‹— ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ‘—” ’”‘Ǧ
‡Ž‡ƒ•‡ǦͳͲ •’‡ ‹ϐ‹‡† ‡Šƒ ‡† ‹–‡” ‡ŽŽ ’‘•‡† ‡–Š‘†Ǥ ‡ ϐ‹”•– ‘„–ƒ‹ •—„‘’–‹ƒŽ •‘Ž—Ǧ
‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘ ȋ‡ Ȍ ȏͳͶǡ ͳͷȐǤ –‹‘• ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ’”‘’‘•‡† Ǧ„ƒ•‡† –‡ Š‹“—‡ ƒ†
‘–‹˜ƒ–‡† „› ƒŽŽ –Š‡•‡ ˆƒ –‘”•ǡ –Š‡ ƒ‹ ‘–”‹„—–‹‘ –Š‡ —•‡ ‡ –‘ ˆ—”–Š‡” ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ –Š‡ Ǥ —” ”‡Ǧ
‘ˆ –Š‹• ’ƒ’‡” ‹• ƒ ‘˜‡Ž ‡ŽŽ—Žƒ” ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡ –Šƒ– •—Ž–• •Š‘™ –Šƒ– ‹– ‹• ’‘••‹„Ž‡ –‘ ‘„–ƒ‹ Š‹‰Š •‹‰ƒŽǦ–‘Ǧ
Ž‡˜‡”ƒ‰‡• ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ •‡–• ‘ˆ ƒ–‡ƒ• ˆ‘ —•‹‰ –‘™ƒ”†• ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ȋ Ȍ ƒ– –Š‡ •ǯ ‡† „› ‘’–‹‹œ‹‰ –Š‡
–Š‡ •› –‘ •—’’‘”– • ƒŽ‘‰ ™‹–Š ‡š‹•–‹‰ ƒ‰Ž‡• ƒŽ‘‰ ™‹–Š ‘•‹†‡”‹‰ –Š‡ ‡ ‡–Š‘†Ǥ
†‘™Ǧ–‹Ž–‡† ƒ–‡ƒ• ˆ‘” •Ǥ —” ‡› ‘–”‹„—–‹‘• › ‘•‹†‡”‹‰ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– Š‡‹‰Š–• ƒ† ‹–‡”Ǧ
ƒ „‡ •—ƒ”‹œ‡† ƒ• ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ †‹•–ƒ ‡•ǡ ™‡ ƒŽ•‘ •Š‘™ –Š‡ ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡‡•• ƒ† •—’‡Ǧ
”‹‘”‹–› ‘ˆ ‘—” ‡–Š‘† ‘˜‡” •‘‡ „ƒ•‡Ž‹‡ ‡–Š‘†•Ǥ
Ȉ ‡ ϐ‹”•– ‹–”‘†— ‡ ƒ† •–—†› ƒ ‡™ ‡ŽŽ—Žƒ” ‘ ‡’– –‘ —” ”‡•—Ž–• ƒŽ•‘ ”‡˜‡ƒŽ‡† •‘‡ ‹–‡”‡•–‹‰ ›‡– ‹’‘”Ǧ
‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ –Š‡ ‘˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ‡ŽŽ—Žƒ”Ǧ ‘‡ –‡† •Ǥ • –ƒ– †‡•‹‰ ‰—‹†‡Ž‹‡• •— Š ƒ• –Š‡ ‹’ƒ – ‘ˆ –Š‡ —Ǧ
‡–‹‘‡† ‡ƒ”Ž‹‡”ǡ ™‡ ’”‘’‘•‡ –‘ —•‡ ‡š–”ƒ ƒ–‡ƒ• „‡” ‘ˆ ƒ–‡ƒ ‡Ž‡‡–• ƒ† –Š‡ ƒ‰Ž‡• ™Š‹Ž‡ ‘Ǧ
™‹–Š ƒ‰Ž‡• ‹•–ƒŽŽ‡† ‘ –‘’ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡š‹•–‹‰ •‹†‡”‹‰ –Š‡ ‘‡š‹•–‡ ‡ ‘ˆ • ƒ† •Ǥ
†‘™Ǧ–‹Ž–‡† ƒ–‡ƒ• ˆ‘” –Š‡ •Ǥ ‘ –Š‡ „‡•– ‘ˆ ‘—”
‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǡ –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ ‘Ž› Ž‹‹–‡† •–—†‹‡• ‹ –Š‡ Ž‹–‡Ǧ Š‡ ”‡•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ’‡” ‹• ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡† ƒ• ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•Ǥ ‡ ’”‘Ǧ
”ƒ–—”‡ ˆ‘” •— Š ƒ ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡ ȏͳʹǡ ͳ͵ȐǤ Š‡ ˜‹†‡ ƒ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ”‡˜‹‡™ ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ –Š‡ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ‹–‹Ǧ
ƒ–‡ƒ •‡–• —•‡ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ –‹‡ ƒ† ˆ”‡“—‡ › ‰ƒ–‹‘ –‡ Š‹“—‡• ˆ‘” ‡ŽŽ—Žƒ”Ǧ ‘‡ –‡† ‹ ‡ –‹‘ ʹǤ
”‡•‘—” ‡• ƒ• –Š‡ ‡š‹•–‹‰ †‘™Ǧ–‹Ž–‡† ƒ–‡ƒ•Ǥ  ‡ –‹‘ ͵ǡ ™‡ †‡• ”‹„‡ ‘—” •›•–‡ ‘†‡ŽǤ ‡ –‹‘ Ͷ †‹•Ǧ
‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡› ˆ‘ —• –Š‡‹” ƒ‹ „‡ƒ• –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡ —••‡• –Š‡ ƒ‰Ž‡ ƒš‹‹œƒ–‹‘ ’”‘„Ž‡Ǥ ‡ †‹• —••
•› –‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡ ƒ ‘”‡ ‡ˆϐ‹ ‹‡– ƒ† ”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡ ‘—” ’”‘’‘•‡† Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ƒ–‡ƒ ‘’–‹‹œƒ–‹‘ ‡–Š‘†
‘‡ –‹˜‹–› –‘ –Š‡ •Ǥ ‹ ‡ –‹‘ ͷǤ ‹—Žƒ–‹‘ ”‡•—Ž–• ƒ† –Š‡ ’‡”–‹‡– †‹• —•Ǧ
Ȉ Ž‹‡ ‘–Š‡” ’”‡˜‹‘—• ™‘”ǡ ‹ ‘—” ’”‘’‘•‡† ƒ” Š‹Ǧ •‹‘• ƒ”‡ ’”‡•‡–‡† ‹ ‡ –‹‘ ͸Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ ‘ Ž—•‹‘• ƒ”‡
–‡ –—”‡ǡ ™‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‘•‹†‡” –Š‡ ’”‡•‡ ‡ ‘ˆ •–‡Ǧ †”ƒ™ ‹ ‡ –‹‘ ͹Ǥ Š‡ ‘–ƒ–‹‘ Ž‹•– ‘ˆ –Š‹• ’ƒ’‡” ‹• ’”‡Ǧ
‹‰ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ †‘™Ǧ–‹Ž–‡† ƒ–‡ƒ• ™Š‹Ž‡ ‘•‹†‡”Ǧ •‡–‡† ‹ ƒ„Ž‡ Ǥ

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