Page 182 - ITU Journal Future and evolving technologies – Volume 2 (2021), Issue 2

ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies, Volume 2 (2021), Issue 2

 ƒ††‹–‹‘ –‘ –Š‡•‡ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ‡–Š‘†•ǡ ‘ǦŽ‹‡ƒ”
‘’–‹‹œƒ–‹‘ –‡ Š‹“—‡• ™‡”‡ ƒŽ•‘ —•‡† –‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡ ”‡Ǧ
Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡ ‘‡ –‹˜‹–› –‘ •Ǥ ‘” ‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ ‹ ȏ͵ͷȐǡ –Š‡
ƒ—–Š‘”• ’”‘’‘•‡† ƒ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘
• Š‡‡ –‘ ‹–‹‰ƒ–‡ –Š‡ •–”‘‰ —’Ž‹ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ˆ”‘
–Š‡ –‘ ƒ Žƒ”‰‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ ‘Ǧ Šƒ‡Ž • •‡”˜‹‰ –‡”Ǧ
”‡•–”‹ƒŽ •Ǥ Š‡ Š‡Ž’‹‰ • •‡•‡ –Š‡ ǯ• ’‘™‡”ǡ
™Š‹ Š ‹• •‡– –‘ –Š‡ ƒ‹ ˆ‘” ˆ—”–Š‡” ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ’”‘Ǧ
‡••‹‰Ǥ ‹‹Žƒ” ƒ—–Š‘”• ‹–”‘†— ‡† ƒ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ „‡ƒǦ
ˆ‘”‹‰ ƒ† –”ƒ•‹••‹‘ • Š‡‡ –‘ ‹–‹‰ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ‹–‡”ˆ‡Ǧ
”‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ‡ŽŽ—Žƒ”Ǧ ‘‡ –‡† • ‹ ȏͳͺȐǤ  ȏ͵͸Ȑǡ
–Š‡› ’”‘’‘•‡† ƒ ‘‘’‡”ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘Ǧ‘”–Š‘‰‘ƒŽ —Ž–‹’Ž‡
ƒ ‡•• ȋ Ȍ –‡ Š‹“—‡ –‘ –Š‡ —’Ž‹ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘
ˆ”‘ ƒ –‘ ‡ŽŽ—Žƒ” •ǡ —†‡” •’‡ –”— •Šƒ”‹‰
™‹–Š –Š‡ ‡š‹•–‹‰ •Ǥ Š‡ ™‘” ‹ ȏ͵͹Ȑ †‹• —••‡• Š‘™
–‘ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡ • ˆ‘” ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ ™‹”‡Ž‡•• ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘•
‹‰Ǥ ͳ Ȃ ʹǦ–‹‡” Š‡šƒ‰‘ƒŽ ‡ŽŽ •–”— –—”‡ ™‹–Š ͳͻ ‡ŽŽ• ƒ† α ΘЈЈ Ǥ  ‹ œ‘‡• ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ †‡’Ž‘›‡– ‘ˆ ƒ‘‹ ƒŽ „ƒ•‡
–Š‹• ’ƒ’‡”ǡ ™‡ ˆ‘ —• ‘ –Š‡ ‡–‡” ‡ŽŽ ™‹–Š Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘ ȏͲǡͲȐ Ǥ
•–ƒ–‹‘• ‹• ‘– ’‘••‹„Ž‡Ǥ  ȏ͵ͺȐǡ ƒ—–Š‘”• ‹–”‘†— ‡† –Š‡
˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ „‘–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ™‘”• –”‡ƒ–‡† • ƒ• ’”‘„Ž‡ ‘ˆ ƒš‹‹œ‹‰ –Š‡ ‹‹— ”ƒ–‡ „› Œ‘‹–
•Ǥ › —•‹‰ –‘‘Ž• ˆ”‘ •–‘ Šƒ•–‹ ‰‡‘‡–”›ǡ –Š‡ ƒ—–Š‘”• „‡ƒˆ‘”‹‰ǡ ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ† ǦŠ‡‹‰Š– ‘–”‘Ž
‹ ȏ͵ʹȐ •–—†‹‡† –Š‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ͵ –™‘ǦŠ‘’ ‡ŽŽ—Žƒ” ˆ”ƒ‡™‘” ˆ‘” ‡ŽŽ—Žƒ”Ǧ ‘‡ –‡† —Ž–‹Ǧ • ‡ƒ”‹‘•Ǥ
‡–™‘”• ™Š‡”‡ Ǧ • ƒ ‘„–ƒ‹ ™‹”‡Ž‡•• „ƒ Šƒ—Ž ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ƒƒŽ›–‹ ƒŽ ƒ† Ž‡ƒ”‹‰Ǧ„ƒ•‡†
ˆ”‘ •Ǥ  ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ȏ͵ʹȐ ‘•‹†‡”‡† ”‡ƒŽ‹•–‹ ƒ–‡ƒ ™‘”• ȏͷǡ ͳ͸ǡ ʹ͸ǡ ʹ͹ǡ ʹͺǡ ͵Ͳǡ ͵ͳǡ ͳͻǡ ʹͳǡ ͵͵ǡ ʹͲǡ ʹʹǡ ͵ͺȐ
’ƒ––‡”• ƒ† †‡†‹ ƒ–‡† —’Ǧ–‹Ž–‡† ƒ–‡ƒ• ˆ‘” ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ ‘•‹†‡”‡† –Š‡ ’”‡•Ǧ ‡ ‡ ‘ˆ ™Š‹ Š ’Žƒ›• ƒ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ
„‡––‡” ‘‡ –‹˜‹–› ‹ –Š‡ Ǧ–‘Ǧ Ž‹•Ǥ ”‘Ž‡ ‹ ƒ‹”Ǧ–‘Ǧ‰”‘—† ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘• ƒ• ƒ ‹’‘”–ƒ–
•‘—” ‡ ‘ˆ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ˆ‘” • ȏͳʹǡ ͳͳȐǤ
—‡ –‘ –Š‡ ‘’Ž‡š ƒ–‡ƒ ’ƒ––‡” ƒ† ƒ‹”Ǧ–‘Ǧ‰”‘—†
’ƒ–ŠǦŽ‘•• ‘†‡Žǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š‡” ƒŽ•‘ ”‡Ž‹‡† ‘ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰Ǧ Š‡ ‘•– Ž‘•‡Ž› ”‡Žƒ–‡† ™‘” Š‡”‡ ‹• ȏʹ͵Ȑǡ ‹ ™Š‹ Š –Š‡
„ƒ•‡† ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”• ˆ‘” ‡•—”‹‰ ”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ƒ—–Š‘”• ‹–”‘†— ‡† ƒ „‹†‹”‡ –‹‘ƒŽ †‡‡’ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰Ǧ„ƒ•‡†
‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡ŽŽ—Žƒ”Ǧ ‘‡ –‡† •Ǥ ‘” ‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ ƒ •—Ǧ –‡ Š‹“—‡ –‘ ƒš‹‹œ‡ –Š‡ ‡†‹ƒ ƒ’ƒ ‹–› ‘ˆ ƒ ƒ‹” ”ƒˆ–
’‡”˜‹•‡† Ž‡ƒ”‹‰Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ • Š‡‡ ˆ‘” • ™ƒ• ϐŽ›‹‰ ƒ– ƒ Š‡‹‰Š– ‘ˆ Ǥ •‹‰ •›•–‡ǦŽ‡˜‡Ž •‹—Žƒ–‹‘ǡ
’”‘’‘•‡† ‹ ȏͳͻȐ –‘ ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡ • ™‹–Š –Š‡ ’”‘˜‹Ǧ –Š‡› ‘•‹†‡”‡† ‘’–‹‹œ‹‰ –Š‡ ‹–‡”Ǧ †‹•–ƒ ‡ ƒ†
†‹‰ –Š‡ Š‹‰Š‡•– †‹”‡ –‹‘ƒŽ ƒ–‡ƒ Ǥ › –—‹‰ –Š‡ †‡†‹ ƒ–‡† —’Ǧ–‹Ž–‡† ƒ–‡ƒ• –‘ •‘Ž˜‡ ‡–™‘” ‘’–‹‹œƒǦ
ƒ‰Ž‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ •ǡ –Š‡ ™‘” ‹ ȏʹͳȐ —•‡† –‹‘ ’”‘„Ž‡•Ǥ  ‘–”ƒ•– –‘ –Š‡‹” ™‘”ǡ Š‡”‡ǡ ™‡ ˆ‘ —•
”‡‹ˆ‘” ‡‡– Ž‡ƒ”‹‰ ȋ Ȍ –‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡ ‰‘‘† ‘ –Š‡ • ϐŽ›‹‰ —†‡” ‡–‡”• ‘ˆ Š‡‹‰Š– ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡
‘‡ –‹˜‹–› –‘ „‘–Š • ƒ† •Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡› †‹† ‹’ƒ – ‘ˆ ‹• ‘– ‡‰Ž‹‰‹„Ž‡Ǥ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ ‹ ‘—” ‘•‹Ǧ
‘– ‘•‹†‡” –Š‡ ƒ– –Š‡ ™Š‹ Š ’Žƒ›• ƒ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ †‡”‡† •›•–‡ǡ ‡ƒ Š ƒ ‹†‹˜‹†—ƒŽŽ› Šƒ‰‡ ‹–•
”‘Ž‡ ‹ ”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ—–‘‘‘—• †‡’Ž‘›‡–Ǥ  ƒ‰Ž‡ǡ ‹ ‘–”ƒ•– –‘ –Š‡ •‹‹Žƒ” ƒ‰Ž‡• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡
ƒ‘–Š‡” ™‘” ȏ͵͵Ȑǡ –Š‡ ƒ—–Š‘”• ’”‘’‘•‡† ƒ †‡‡’Ǧ ƒ••—‡† ˆ‘” ƒŽŽ • ‹ ȏʹ͵ȐǤ ‘ ˆ—”–Š‡” ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ –Š‡
Ž‡ƒ”‹‰Ǧ„ƒ•‡† ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‹‘ ƒŽ‰‘”‹–Š ˆ‘” ‡ŽŽ—Žƒ”Ǧ ‹‹— ǡ ™‡ ‘•‹†‡” –Š‡ ‘ ‡’– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ –‘
‘‡ –‡† • ™Š‹ Š –ƒ‡• –Š‡ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹–‹‰ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡ •–‡‹‰ ˆ”‘ –Š‡
‡ŽŽ—Žƒ” ‡˜‹”‘‡– ‹–‘ ƒ ‘—–Ǥ  –Š‡ ”‡ ‡– ™‘” ‹ †‘™Ǧ–‹Ž–‡† ƒ–‡ƒ• ƒ– –Š‡ ǯ• ‡†Ǥ ‹ ‡ ‡ ™ƒ•
ȏʹͲȐǡ ƒ—–Š‘”• •–—†› –Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡ ‘ˆ Œ‘‹–Ž› ‘’–‹‹œ‹‰ ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› •–—†‹‡† ‡š–‡•‹˜‡Ž› ‹ –Š‡ Žƒ•– †‡ ƒ†‡ ˆ‘”
–Š‡ ”ƒ–‡ǡ †‹• ‘‡ –‹˜‹–› –‹‡ǡ ϐŽ‹‰Š– ‹ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ ‡ˆϐ‹ ‹‡ › ƒ† ƒ’ƒ ‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‡–‡”‘‰‡‡‘—•
†—”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ† ‡‡”‰› ‘•—’–‹‘ „› –—‹‰ –Š‡ ‡–™‘”• ȏͳͶǡ ͳͷȐǡ ‹– ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ –‘ †‡’Ž‘› ‹– ˆ‘”
˜‡Ž‘ ‹–›Ǥ  ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” –Š‹• ’”‹‘” ™‘” ‡š’Ž‘”‡† ƒ ‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ †‘™Ǧ–‹Ž–‡†
—Ž–‹Ǧƒ”‡† „ƒ†‹– ƒŽ‰‘”‹–Š –‘ •‘Ž˜‡ –Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡ ƒ–‡ƒ•Ǥ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ ƒ‰Ž‡ –—‹‰ ‹• „ƒ•‡† ‘
ƒ† •Š‘™‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ’‡”ˆ‡ – ’ƒ”ƒ‡–‡”• ƒ –Š‡ ƒŽ‰‘”‹–Šǡ ™Š‹ Š ‹• ƒŽ•‘ ™‡ŽŽǦ•–—†‹‡† ƒ† ™ƒ•
•‹‰‹ϐ‹ ƒ–Ž› ‹’”‘˜‡ –Š‡ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ‡ŽŽ—Žƒ”Ǧ —•‡† ‡š–‡•‹˜‡Ž› ‹ ‘’–‹‹œƒ–‹‘• ‘ˆ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ƒ•’‡ –• ‘ˆ
‘‡ –‡† •Ǥ  ȏʹʹȐǡ –Š‡ ƒ—–Š‘”• ‡š’Ž‘”‡† ƒ ™‹”‡Ž‡•• ‡–™‘”• ȏ͵ͻȐǤ ‘” ‘˜‡‹‡ ‡ǡ ™‡ •—ƒ”‹œ‡
ƒŽ‰‘”‹–Š –‘ ƒš‹‹œ‡ –Š‡ ”‡ ‡‹˜‡† •‹‰ƒŽ “—ƒŽ‹–› ƒ– ƒ ƒ† ‘’ƒ”‡ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ”– ‹ –Š‡ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ™‹–Š ‘—”
‡ŽŽ—Žƒ”Ǧ ‘‡ –‡† ™Š‹Ž‡ ‹‹‹œ‹‰ –Š‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ ™‘” ‹ ƒ„Ž‡ ͳǤ
•Ǥ  ‡š–‡•‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ –”ƒ†‹–‹‘ƒŽ ƒŽ‰‘”‹–Š•
‘™ ƒ• —Ž–‹Ǧƒ‰‡– Šƒ• „‡‡ ƒŽ•‘ ‹–”‘†— ‡† ˆ‘” ͵Ǥ
‡ˆϐ‹ ‹‡– ‘–”‘Ž ‹ ȏ͵ͶȐǤ ‘–‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡•‡ Ž‡ƒ”‹‰Ǧ
„ƒ•‡† ƒŽ‰‘”‹–Š• ™‹ŽŽ ‡‹–Š‡” ”‡“—‹”‡ ƒ†˜ƒ ‡† †ƒ–ƒ ‘ŽǦ ͵Ǥͳ ‡–™‘” ‘†‡Ž
Ž‡ –‹‘ǡ ’”‡’”‘ ‡••‹‰ǡ ƒ† –”ƒ‹‹‰ǡ ‘” •ƒ’Ž‡ ‹‡ˆϐ‹ ‹‡–
”‡’‡–‹–‹˜‡ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‡ŽŽ—Žƒ” ‡–™‘”•ǡ ™Š‹ Š ‡ ‘•‹†‡” ƒ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡ǦŽ‹‹–‡† –”ƒ•‹••‹‘ • ‡Ǧ
ƒ‡• –Š‡ †‡’Ž‘›‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ƒŽ‰‘”‹–Š• ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‹‰ ˆ‘” ƒ”‹‘ ˆ”‘ –‡””‡•–”‹ƒŽ • –‘ ‡ŽŽ—Žƒ”Ǧ ‘‡ –‡† •
”‡ƒŽǦ™‘”Ž† ‡–™‘” ‘’‡”ƒ–‘”•Ǥ ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ • ƒ”‡ †‹•–”‹„—–‡† ‹ ƒ –™‘Ǧ–‹‡” Š‡šƒ‰‘ƒŽ

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