Page 179 - ITU Journal Future and evolving technologies – Volume 2 (2021), Issue 2

ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies, Volume 2 (2021), Issue 2

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† ‘‹ ††‹ Š‘™†Š—”› ǡ •ƒ‹Ž —˜‡ ǡ ƒŽ‹† ƒƒ† ǡ ”—’Œ›‘–‹ Š—›ƒ ͵
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ͳ –ƒ–‡ ‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ ƒŽ‡‹‰Šǡ ʹ͹͸Ͳ͸ǡ ‹”‰‹‹ƒ ‘Ž›–‡ Š‹ •–‹–—–‡ ƒ† –ƒ–‡ ‹˜‡”•‹–›ǡ Žƒ •„—”‰ǡ ʹͶͲ͸Ͳǡ
͵ †ƒŠ‘ ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ƒ„‘”ƒ–‘”› ȋ Ȍǡ †ƒŠ‘ ƒŽŽ•ǡ ǡ ͺ͵ͶͲʹ
ǣ ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰ ƒ—–Š‘”ǣ † ‘‹ ††‹ Š‘™†Š—”›ǡ  Š‘™†Š̷ •—Ǥ‡†—

„•–”ƒ – Ȃ ‘ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡ —ƒ‡† ƒ‡”‹ƒŽ ˜‡Š‹ Ž‡• ȋ •Ȍ ‹ ˆ—–—”‡ Žƒ”‰‡Ǧ• ƒŽ‡ †‡’Ž‘›‡–•ǡ ƒ ‡™ ™‹”‡Ž‡•• ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘
’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ǡ ƒ‡Ž›ǡ –Š‡ ‡ŽŽ—Žƒ”Ǧ ‘‡ –‡† Šƒ• ”‡ ‡–Ž› ƒ––”ƒ –‡† ‹–‡”‡•–Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ Ž‹‡Ǧ‘ˆǦ•‹‰Š– †‘‹ƒ– ƒ‹”Ǧ–‘Ǧ
‰”‘—† Šƒ‡Ž• ƒŽ‘‰ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ƒ–‡ƒ ’ƒ––‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡ŽŽ—Žƒ” ‰”‘—† „ƒ•‡ •–ƒ–‹‘• ȋ •Ȍ ‹–”‘†— ‡ ”‹–‹ ƒŽ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡
‹••—‡• ‹ ‡ŽŽ—Žƒ”Ǧ ‘‡ –‡† ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ  ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ”ǡ –Š‡ ‘’Ž‡š ƒ–‡ƒ ’ƒ––‡” ƒ† –Š‡ ‰”‘—† ”‡ϔŽ‡ –‹‘ ȋ Ȍ
ˆ”‘ –Š‡ †‘™Ǧ–‹Ž–‡† ƒ–‡ƒ• ”‡ƒ–‡ „‘–Š ‘˜‡”ƒ‰‡ Š‘Ž‡• ƒ† ’ƒ– Š› ‘˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ • ‹ –Š‡ •›ǡ ™Š‹ Š Ž‡ƒ†• –‘ —Ǧ
”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž‡ ‘‡ –‹˜‹–› ˆ”‘ –Š‡ —†‡”Ž›‹‰ ‡ŽŽ—Žƒ” ‡–™‘”Ǥ ‘ ‘˜‡” ‘‡ –Š‡•‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ǡ ‹ –Š‹• ’ƒ’‡”ǡ ™‡ ’”‘’‘•‡ ƒ ‡™
‡ŽŽ—Žƒ” ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡ –Šƒ– ‡’Ž‘›• ƒ ‡š–”ƒ •‡– ‘ˆ ‘Ǧ Šƒ‡Ž ƒ–‡ƒ• ‘”‹‡–‡† –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡ •› –‘ •—’’‘”– • ‘ –‘’ ‘ˆ –Š‡
‡š‹•–‹‰ †‘™Ǧ–‹Ž–‡† ƒ–‡ƒ• ˆ‘” ‰”‘—† —•‡” ‡“—‹’‡– ȋ ȌǤ ‘ ‘†‡Ž –Š‡ •–‡‹‰ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ †‘™Ǧ–‹Ž–‡† ƒ–‡ƒ•ǡ
™‡ ’”‘’‘•‡ ƒ ’ƒ–ŠǦŽ‘•• ‘†‡Žǡ ™Š‹ Š –ƒ‡• „‘–Š ƒ–‡ƒ ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ ’ƒ––‡” ƒ† ‘ϔ‹‰—”ƒ–‹‘ ‹–‘ ƒ ‘—–Ǥ ‡š–ǡ ™‡ ˆ‘”—Ǧ
Žƒ–‡ ƒ ‘’–‹‹œƒ–‹‘ ’”‘„Ž‡ –‘ ƒš‹‹œ‡ –Š‡ ‹‹— •‹‰ƒŽǦ–‘Ǧ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ”ƒ–‹‘ ȋ Ȍ ‘ˆ –Š‡ • „› –—‹‰ –Š‡ —’Ǧ–‹Ž–
ȋ Ȍ ƒ‰Ž‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡ —’Ǧ–‹Ž–‡† ƒ–‡ƒ•Ǥ ‹ ‡ –Š‹• ‹• ƒ ǦŠƒ”† ’”‘„Ž‡ǡ ™‡ ’”‘’‘•‡ ƒ ‰‡‡–‹ ƒŽ‰‘”‹–Š ȋ Ȍ „ƒ•‡† Š‡—”‹•–‹
‡–Š‘† –‘ ‘’–‹‹œ‡ –Š‡ ƒ‰Ž‡• ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡ ƒ–‡ƒ•Ǥ ˆ–‡” ‘„–ƒ‹‹‰ –Š‡ ‘’–‹ƒŽ ƒ‰Ž‡•ǡ ™‡ ‹–‡‰”ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ͹ ‡Ž‡ƒ•‡Ǧ
ͷͶ •’‡ ‹ϔ‹‡† ‡Šƒ ‡† ‹–‡”Ǧ ‡ŽŽ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ‘‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘ ȋ‡ Ȍ –‘ ”‡†— ‡ –Š‡ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡ •–‡‹‰ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ †‘™Ǧ–‹Ž–‡†
ƒ–‡ƒ•Ǥ —” •‹—Žƒ–‹‘ ”‡•—Ž–• „ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡ Š‡šƒ‰‘ƒŽ ‡ŽŽ Žƒ›‘—– •Š‘™ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ’”‘’‘•‡† ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ‹–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ‡–Š‘†
ƒ ‡•—”‡ Š‹‰Š‡” ‹‹— • ˆ‘” –Š‡ • ‘˜‡” „ƒ•‡Ž‹‡ ‡–Š‘†• ™Š‹Ž‡ ”‡ƒ–‹‰ ‹‹ƒŽ ‹’ƒ – ‘ –Š‡ ‘ˆ •Ǥ

‡›™‘”†• Ȃ ͵ ǡ ƒ†˜ƒ ‡† ƒ‡”‹ƒŽ ‘„‹Ž‹–› ȋ Ȍǡ ƒ–‡ƒ ”ƒ†‹ƒ–‹‘ǡ †”‘‡ ‘””‹†‘”ǡ ‡Šƒ ‡† ‹–‡”Ǧ ‡ŽŽ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡
‘‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘ ȋ‡ Ȍǡ ‰‡‡–‹ ƒŽ‰‘”‹–Šǡ ‰”‘—† ”‡ϐŽ‡ –‹‘ǡ Š‡šƒ‰‘ƒŽ ‡ŽŽ Žƒ›‘—–ǡ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡ǡ —ƒ‡† ƒ‡”‹ƒŽ ˜‡Š‹ Ž‡
ȋ Ȍǡ —ƒ‡† ƒ‹” ”ƒˆ– •›•–‡ ȋ Ȍǡ –”ƒˆϐ‹ ƒƒ‰‡‡– ȋ Ȍǡ —”„ƒ ƒ‹” ‘„‹Ž‹–› ȋ Ȍ

ͳǤ • ‹ • ‡ƒ”‹‘• ™‹–Š –Š‡‹” ™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ†
ˆ‘‘–’”‹–• ȏͻǡ ʹȐǤ  ˆƒ –ǡ ϐ‹‡Ž† –”‹ƒŽ• ˆ”‘ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡
• –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ϐ‹ˆ–ŠǦ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ ȋͷ Ȍ ƒ† „‡Ǧ ‹†—•–”‹ƒŽ ‡–‹–‹‡• ”‡’‘”–‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‡š‹•–‹‰ Ž‘‰Ǧ–‡”
›‘† ™‹”‡Ž‡•• ‡–™‘”• ‹• —†‡”™ƒ›ǡ —ƒ‡† ƒ‡”‹ƒŽ ‡˜‘Ž—–‹‘ ȋ Ȍ ‡–™‘” ‹• ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡ ‘ˆ ‡‡–‹‰ •‘‡ „ƒ•‹
˜‡Š‹ Ž‡• ȋ •Ȍ ƒ”‡ ‡š’‡ –‡† –‘ ’Žƒ› ƒ ‹•–”—‡–ƒŽ ”‘Ž‡ ”‡“—‹”‡‡–• ‘ˆ Ǧ‰”‘—† ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘• ȏͳͲǡ ʹȐǤ
‹ ‹’”‘˜‹‰ –Š‡ ‡–™‘” ƒ’ƒ ‹–› ƒ† ‡ˆϐ‹ ‹‡ › ȏͳǡ ʹǡ ͵ǡ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡•‡ •–—†‹‡• ƒ† –Š‡ Š‹”† ‡‡”ƒ–‹‘
ͶȐǤ Š‹Ž‡ • ™‡”‡ ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽŽ› †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ˆ‘” ‹Ž‹–ƒ”› ƒ’Ǧ ƒ”–‡”•Š‹’ ”‘Œ‡ – ȋ͵ Ȍ ƒŽ•‘ ’‘‹–‡† ‘—– •‡˜‡”ƒŽ
’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ǡ †—‡ –‘ –Š‡‹” ϐŽ—‹† ‘„‹Ž‹–›ǡ Ž‹‡Ǧ‘ˆǦ•‹‰Š– ȋ Ȍ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• •— Š ƒ• •–”‘‰ ‹–‡”Ǧ ‡ŽŽ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ƒ† •‡”Ǧ
–”ƒ•‹••‹‘ǡ ƒ† •–‡ƒ†‹Ž› †‡ ”‡ƒ•‹‰ ’”‘†— –‹‘ ‘•–•ǡ ˜‹ ‡ ‘ˆ • –Š”‘—‰Š ƒ–‡ƒ •‹†‡ Ž‘„‡•ǡ ƒ‘‰ ‘–Š‡”•Ǥ
• Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ ™‹†‡Ž› —•‡† ‹ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• ‡™ ‹˜‹Ž‹ƒ ƒ’’Ž‹Ǧ Š‡•‡ ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡• ‘‡ ‹–‘ ’Žƒ› †—‡ –‘ –Š‡ ˆƒ – –Šƒ– –”ƒǦ
ƒ–‹‘•ǡ •— Š ƒ• ’ƒ ‡– †‡Ž‹˜‡”›ǡ •‡ƒ” Š ƒ† ”‡• —‡ǡ ˜‹†‡‘ †‹–‹‘ƒŽ ‡ŽŽ—Žƒ” ‡–™‘”• ƒ”‡ ‘’–‹‹œ‡† ˆ‘” ‰”‘—† —•‡”
•—”˜‡‹ŽŽƒ ‡ǡ ƒ‡”‹ƒŽ ’Š‘–‘‰”ƒ’Š›ǡ ƒ‹”„‘”‡ ‘—‹ ƒǦ ‡“—‹’‡– ȋ Ȍ „› –‹Ž–‹‰ –Š‡ ƒ‹ Ž‘„‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ–‡Ǧ
–‹‘•ǡ ƒ‘‰ ‘–Š‡”• ȏͷǡ ͸ǡ ͹ǡ ͺȐǤ ƒ• –‘™ƒ”†• –Š‡ •Ǥ ‡ ‡ǡ • ϐŽ›‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ •› ƒ”‡
‘Ž› •‡”˜‡† „› –Š‡ —’’‡” ƒ–‡ƒ •‹†‡ Ž‘„‡• ƒ† ‡š’‡Ǧ
‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‘•– ‘‡” ‹ƒŽ • ƒ –‹‰ ƒ• ƒ‡”‹ƒŽ —•‡”• ”‹‡ ‡ ƒ„”—’– •‹‰ƒŽ ϐŽ— –—ƒ–‹‘• ƒ• –Š‡ • Šƒ‰‡
ƒ”‡ •–‹ŽŽ †‡’‡†‡– ‘ –Š‡ ‹•–”— –‹‘•Ȁƒ‡—˜‡”• •‡–
–‘ –Š‡ „› –Š‡‹” ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ‰”‘—† ’‹Ž‘–• –Š”‘—‰Š •‹Ǧ –Š‡‹” Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ • ƒŽ•‘ ‘„–ƒ‹ ‘”‡
ˆ”‡“—‡– Šƒ‡Ž• –Šƒ •Ǥ Š‹• ”‡•—Ž–• ‹
’Ž‡ †‹”‡ – ’‘‹–Ǧ–‘Ǧ’‘‹– ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ‘”‡ •’‡ ‹Ǧ •‡˜‡”‡ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ‹ –Š‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‡ƒ”„› ‰”‘—†
ˆ‹ ƒŽŽ›ǡ –Š‹•ǡ ‹ –—”ǡ Ž‹‹–• –Š‡ —•‡ ƒ•‡• –‘ –Š‡ „ƒ•‡ •–ƒ–‹‘• ȋ •Ȍ –‘ –Š‡ •Ǥ
˜‹•—ƒŽ ‘” ”ƒ†‹‘ ”ƒ‰‡ ‘Ž›Ǥ Š—•ǡ –‘ –ƒ‡ ˆ—ŽŽ
ƒ†˜ƒ–ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ Žƒ”‰‡Ǧ• ƒŽ‡ †‡’Ž‘›‡–ǡ „‡›‘†
˜‹•—ƒŽ Ž‹‡ ‘ˆ •‹‰Š– ȋ Ȍ ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘• ƒ”‡ ‘ˆ Š‡ †‘™Ǧ–‹Ž–‡† ƒ–‡ƒ• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡š‹•–‹‰ • ƒ
”‹–‹ ƒŽ ‹’‘”–ƒ ‡ ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ • ƒ ”‡Ž‹ƒ„Ž› ‘„–ƒ‹ ƒŽ•‘ ”‡ƒ–‡ ƒ‘–Š‡” •‘—” ‡ ‘ˆ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ •
‘ƒ† ƒ† ‘–”‘Ž ȋ Ƭ Ȍ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‹ –Š‡ –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ ”‡ϐŽ‡ –‡† •‹‰ƒŽ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ †‘™Ǧ–‹Ž–‡† ƒ–‡Ǧ
†‘™Ž‹ ȋ Ȍ ˆ‘” •ƒˆ‡ ƒ—–‘‘‘—• ‘’‡”ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ  ƒ• ȏͳͳȐǤ Š‡ ƒ‹ Ž‘„‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ–‡ƒ Š‹–• –Š‡ ‰”‘—†
Ž‹‰Š– ‘ˆ •— Š ”‡“—‹”‡‡–•ǡ ‡š‹•–‹‰ ‡ŽŽ—Žƒ” ‡–™‘”• ™‹–Š ƒ ‹ ‹†‡– ƒ‰Ž‡ ƒ† –Š‡ ”‡ϐŽ‡ –‡† •‹‰ƒŽ ƒ ƒ—•‡
ƒ „‡ ƒ •–”‘‰ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡ ˆ‘” †‡’Ž‘›‹‰ ƒ—–‘‘‘—• ‘Ǧ–”‹˜‹ƒŽ ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡ –‘ –Š‡ • Ž›‹‰ ‹ –Š‡ •›Ǥ Š‡

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