Page 125 - Trust in ICT 2017
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Trust in ICT                                                2


            and waterways, etc. Moreover, abstraction references like images, vectors, points, lines, and polygons are
            mapped  to  location  attributes.  A  new  hybrid  method  of  data  is  identifying  the  physical  location  which
            combines three-dimensional vector points of physical space. This information is becoming more realistically
            visually descriptive. Recently, the web access to huge amounts of geographic data enables users to create
            customer applications and make complex spatial information, which is called mashup application of the web.
            An editable map of the geographical data is used to offer street maps, aerial/satellite imageries, geocoding,
            search, and car navigation, etc.

            For  the  identification-related  applications,  the  identification  can  mean  the  process  of  recognizing  or
            identifying persons, objects, or animals, etc. The bar code is increasingly being used in the industry, and the
            radio frequency identification (RFID) is being used as an alternative. In these applications, the identification
            is used to reduce running out of stock or wasted products. Credit cards and passports in the wallet are to
            prove who you are. Recently, biometrics, iris recognition, and voice recognition technologies are used for
            identification.  Theft  and  counterfeiting  of  critical  or  costly  items  such  as  drugs,  food,  repair  parts,  or
            electronic components will be reduced because manufacturers will know where their products are at all
            times. Product wastage or spoilage will be reduced because environmental sensors will alert suppliers or
            consumers when sensitive products are exposed to excessive heat, cold, vibration, or other risks. Supply
            chains will operate far more efficiently because suppliers will ship only the products needed when and where
            they are needed. Consumer and supplier prices should also drop accordingly.
            For data intensive applications, a large volume of data typically terabytes in size and referred to as big data
            are processed. Computing applications requiring large volumes of data and their processing times to I/O are
            deemed data intensive. The rapid growth of the Internet led to vast amounts of information available online.
            Parallel processing can typically involve partitioning or subdividing the data into multiple segments which can
            be processed independently using the same executable application program in parallel on an appropriate
            computing platform. The data-intensive computing are managing and processing exponentially growing data
            volumes, significantly reducing associated data analysis cycles to support practical and timely applications.
            Information extraction and indexing of web documents can derive significant performance benefits on data
            parallel  executions  since  the  web  can  be  processed  in  parallel.  The  semantic  query  language  like
            SPARQL protocol and RDF query language (SPARQL) may be enabled to retrieve and manipulate data stored
            in RDF format of the web. Massive data from millions of IoT sensors may need the non-structured query
            language  (NoSQL)  database  for  storage  and  retrieval  of  data,  making  some  operations  faster  than  the
            relational database. The high-speed ICT infrastructure allows the data to be partitioned among the available
            computing resources and processed independently to achieve performance and scalability based on the
            amount  of  data.  The  cloud  computing  system  controls  the  scheduling,  execution,  load  balancing,
            communications, and movement of programs and data across the distributed computing cluster.

            For science and engineering applications, various types of signals or information such as electromagnetic
            signals or biometric information are converted to digital forms. The weather conditions and chemical formula
            are represented by digital data. The conversion of analogue symbols or signals to digital is needed to relevant
            mapping methods or converting rules.
            The data formats described above are summarized as follows:
            •       Telecommunication and broadcast applications:
                    –   Audio data encoding including analogue and digital audio;

                    –   Visual data encoding including film, colour, graphic, 3D display, and holographic format, etc.
                    –   Descriptive data encoding including metadata, etc.
            •       Internet and web applications (including semantic contexts):
                    –   File, image, documents, computer language, etc.
                    –   Chunk-based formats (e.g. MIME, CSV, XML, JSON, etc.).

            •       Location-related applications:
                    –   Geographical information including geographical map and physical 3D spaces;
                    –   Mainly used for transport and logistics industry (by using geolocation maps).


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