Page 126 - Trust in ICT 2017
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            •       Identification-related applications:

                    –   Sensor/radio frequency identification (RFID) code, product code, bar code, etc.
                    –   Used for trade, copyright, and ownership (e.g. shipping code, product value chain, security key,
                        etc.).

            •       Data intensive applications:
                    –   NoSQL, SPARQL, big data analytics by using MapReduce and Hadoop;
                    –   Used for business intelligences in government and commercial solutions.
            •       Science and engineering applications:
                    –   Electromagnetic spectrum, traffic signal, time, weather, temperature standards;
                    –   Used for healthcare and medical data (e.g. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence, biometric
                        data including drugs, etc.).

            Data models
            The entity-attribute-value (EAV) model is a data model to describe entities where the numbers of attributes
            (properties, parameters) that can be used to describe them are potentially vast, but the number that actually
            applies to a given entity is relatively modest. In mathematics, this model is known as a sparse matrix. EAV is
            also  known  as object-attribute-value  model, vertical  database  model, and  open  schema.  This  data
            representation is analogous to space-efficient methods of storing a sparse matrix, where only non-empty
            values are stored. The data type of EAV offers a limited set of data types: byte, Boolean, DateTime, double,
            and string, in addition to dividing numeric data into int, long, or float. It also defines custom data types such
            as a phone number, an e-mail address, geocode, and a medical record, etc. The cloud computing system
            offers data stores based on the EAV model, where an arbitrary number of attributes can be associated with
            a given entity. XML provides a framework on top of an EAV design and builds an application that has to
            manage data sets extremely complicated when using EAV models.
            The data serialization model is used for computer science and communication network. The context of data
            serialization is the process of translating data structures or objects into a format that can be stored in a file or
            memory buffer,  or  transmitted  across  the  network.  For  communication  network,  this  process  is  not
            straightforward  since  data  serialization  is  formatted  by  their  associated protocol.  In  addition,  a
            communication system running on a different hardware architecture should be able to reliably reconstruct a
            serialized data stream. Serializing the data structure prevents the problems of byte ordering, memory layout,
            or simply different ways of representing data structures.

            The metadata model describes the contents and contexts of data or data files. Metadata was traditionally
            similar to the card catalogues of libraries. As information has become increasingly in digital form, metadata
            is used to describe digital data. For example, most files and documents include metadata specifying what
            language the page is written in, what format was used to create it, and where to find more information about
            the  subject.  There  are  two  types  of  metadata: structural  metadata and descriptive  metadata.  Structural
            metadata is the data about the containers of data. Descriptive metadata uses to describe individual instances
            of application data or the data contents. The main purpose of metadata is to facilitate in the discovery of
            relevant information, more often classified as resource discovery. Metadata also helps organize electronic
            resources and provide digital identification.

            At the XML format, a set of rules to which an XML document must conform, called XML schema published as
            W3C, can be used to the processing of XML document [17]. Technically, a schema is an abstract collection of
            metadata, consisting of a set of schema components, mainly elements, attribute declarations, and complex
            and simple type definitions. These components are usually created by processing a collection of schema
            documents,  which  contain  the  source  language  definitions  of  the  components.  Schema  documents  are
            organized  by  namespace.  All  the  named  schema  components  belong  to  a  target  namespace  which  is  a
            property of the schema document. A schema document may include other schema documents by using the
            same namespace and may import schema documents for a different namespace.
            With  the  advent  of  web  services,  there  are  many  markup  languages,  especially  the  hypertext  markup
            language  (HTML),  which  is  the  standard markup  language used  to  create web  pages  [18]. It  is  a markup

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