Page 129 - Trust in ICT 2017

Trust in ICT 2

The linked data builds upon standard web technologies such as hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), resource
description framework (RDF) and uniform resource identifier (URI). It describes a method of publishing
structured data and enables data from different sources to be connected and queried. The linked open
data (LOD) is the linked data that is open content. Tim Berners-Lee outlined four principles of the Linked Data
in his "Design Issues: Linked Data note", paraphrased along the following lines [20]:
– Use URIs to name (identify) things.
– Use HTTP URIs so that these things can be looked up (interpreted, "dereferenced").

– Provide useful information about what a name identifies, when it is looked up, using open standards
such as RDF, SPARQL, etc.
– Refer to other things using their HTTP URI-based names when publishing data on the web.

Metadata technology

The two groups of data are created during the digitization processing:
– digital copies of documents;
– the supporting structure, mostly textual, which enables access to the first group of data.
Let us call the first group data and the other one metadata. The data are, for example, images of the
manuscript pages, while the metadata are descriptions of these pages. The distinction between these two
groups is rather imprecise, because the digital copy can often be directly a component part of the description.
In this case, the point of the end-user view is decisive and the metadata can be taken as the whole description
including various preview images which are component parts of the texts, while the data is not a visible part
of description and is referenced from it as an external file.
The metadata has two important functions to describe data and to provide access to data. Two groups of
data must be decided by data formats, especially the metadata. The data format including metadata should
comply with the following requirements [22]:

1) It is independent of software which will enable the user to work with metadata.
2) It should enable to classify metadata into various categories such as author, shelf-number, and page
number in case of the description of a book. This classification is very useful for the mass processing
of data.
3) It should enable the hierarchical classification of metadata in order to make the difference between
the description of a book as a whole and the description of a page.
4) It should enable an easy transition from metadata to data.

Advantages of the web browser
With the rise of the web, the communication capacities and cognitive skills of humans are extended as active
and interactive manners where individuals are not passive recipients and are capable of constituting, quite
autonomously, virtual communities. The web can work to provide a gigantic pool of ideas, whether it is a
matter of pieces of information or of knowledge itself. With a browser, the web is quite obvious for people
to open their preferred websites multiple times a day. The web browsers are running on almost all types of
computers and running on all kinds of operating systems. Many people are using the web to get the
news, weather forecasts, cooking recipes, medical diagnoses, book reviews and the like. They are also using
the web to book flights, plan vacations, buy and sell goods, and express opinions, etc. The major advantages
that the web holds relative to the other media include [18]:
– Time: With radio and TV, the rare events that are important to a broad group of viewers could be
reported live or in minutes. More typically, the delay is hours to a day. With newspapers, it takes
closer to a day, sometimes more, before the news is received by the readers. With the web and
smartphones, people are reporting on (e.g. through Twitter, crowd-sourcing, etc.) and reading about
events about when the events occur. People get pictures and information almost instantaneously.
– Localization: The traditional media such as newspapers, radio and TV reports information relevant
to a relatively large geographical region. It is more difficult to find localized information at the small

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