Page 120 - Trust in ICT 2017

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important to connect and integrate people with different knowledge disciplines such as physics,
biochemistry, engineering, economics as well as information and communication technology.

Until now, the interdisciplinary studies are not easy if there is no agreement of soft and sufficient autonomy.
Most experts with a specific knowledge in a certain domain may try to keep their own traditional methods
and perspectives. Ideally, the synergy effects among people with broad dimensions and different experiences
are promising. However, this contradicts the opinion that traditional disciplines are a barrier for experts who
hesitate to commit themselves in interdisciplinary issues. Most organizations or scholarly journals build up
their own silos of knowledge, where they store their disciplines to maintain the level of knowledge which is
proudly accumulated in their own area.
The interdisciplinary activities are better suited for researchers with more than two disciplines to solve cross-
domain problems. From the ICT perspectives, the research and development related to the Internet of things
(IoT) and machine-to-machine (M2M) technologies are needed to collaborate with cultural and social
sciences as well as in economics. In the scientific domain, the examples of interdisciplinary research areas
include neuroscience, cybernetics, biochemistry and biomedical engineering. However, if the cooperative
and collaborative procedures for interdisciplinary studies lack consensus, it would be difficult to carry out
this interdisciplinary research.
To solve the global problems, the knowledge of eco-environments may consist of people, organizations, and
processes that work together. The systematic framework would be defined with the belief that
the component parts of a system can best be understood in the context of relationships with each other
rather than in isolation. The ICT infrastructure can promote the interdisciplinary communication in order to
avoid the silo effects of knowledge.

Knowledge accumulations
Knowledge accumulation is a step in creative thinking where information is gathered and analysed for a new
idea. The societies possess huge knowledge accumulated by their own activities and experiences. Every
society has its own knowledge assets. To envisage knowledge revolution of information and communication
technology, the following issues are outstanding:

• How to connect the different forms of knowledge
There are many forms or types to represent knowledge or intelligences, and some forms are not represented
by words. Tacit knowledge (or implicit knowledge) is difficult to transfer to other persons by means of writing
it down in a document.
• New forms of development, acquisition, and spread of knowledge
The existing knowledge management relying on writing is quite restricted. New forms of capturing,
developing, sharing, and effectively spreading knowledge would be needed by utilizing the ICT infrastructure
as well as the computing and storage system. Texts and audiovisual forms of knowledge would be extended
to the use of the five senses of human beings: sight, hearing, tasting, smelling, and touching.
• New media as useful tools of the Internet and the web
The existing file format across the Internet would be expanded to transfer various types of knowledge. The
hypertext markup language (HTML) of the web technology is only designated to the text-based name of
media types of software applications, audio, image, video and their mixed combinations. Digital technologies
by using computer and the Internet can provide new means of communication and expression of knowledge.
New media can replace the old media such as television, radio, movies, music, newspapers, magazines,
books, and most printing materials.
• Cultural and linguistic diversity of knowledge

Languages, with their complex implications for identity, communication, social integration, education and
development, are of strategic importance to create knowledge. Linguistic diversity plays a vital role in
knowledge creation and accumulation to foster cultural diversity and intercultural dialogue. The multilingual
forms of knowledge would be encouraged to preserve the existing cultural heritage.

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