Page 130 - Trust in ICT 2017

2 Trust in ICT

community level. With the web, a village, independent of size and any community (even though it
is separated geographically), can share information relevant to their members and citizens wherever
web access is possible.
– Universality: Radio, TV, and newspapers usually cover a relatively large geographic area, and they
are typically available only to people living in that area. It is difficult for people outside of the area
to access those media. The web is universal and available anywhere in the world. It allows people
today to book a hotel and prepare vacations on the other side of the world.
– Focus: There are today millions of communities specialized on specific themes (languages, hobby,
nature, etc.). When there are thematic radio, newspaper, TV, and magazines, their diffusion is
geographically limited. When these communities are spread over the web, the web enables people
with shared interests to exchange their resources independently of their respective locations.
– Search: Mechanisms such as libraries, guides, reviews, and word-of-mouth can help people to find
information that they seek in traditional media. On the web, search engines, as well as easier access
to guides and reviews, facilitate the quest for information. The volume of information on the web
and the ability to assess the quality of information are surprisingly remarkable.
– Linking: A person can change channels on the radio or TV, or pick up one newspaper and then move
to another. On the web, links allow people to move easily from one web page to related information
elsewhere on the same page, on the same site or one a different site half-way around the world.
The emergence of the semantic web promises to extend this capability to linking data and ascribing
greater meaning to data and relationships across the web.

Knowledge structure
Humans understand knowledge from a combination of data, information, experience, and individual
interpretation. Knowledge is the sum of what is known and resides in intelligence and competence of people.
There are various definitions of knowledge as "things that are held to be true in a given context and
that drive us to action if there were no impediments", "capacity to act", "justified true belief that increases
an entity's capacity for effective action", and "the perception of the agreement or disagreement of two
ideas" [9]. There are three basic schemes of knowledge to be organized:

– Declarative knowledge: How and why the things work the way they do. It includes information
about concepts and elements of particular subjects.
– Procedural knowledge: Detailed steps or activities required to perform a task or job. It allows a task
to be performed into automatic (habitual) processes with repetition.
– Structural knowledge: A basis for problem solving. It is required in the creation
of plans and strategies by analysing what to do, when failure occurs, or when a piece of information
is missing. The conceptual elements in the knowledge structure are the key to having a "deeper
understanding".

A typical example of tacit knowledge are know-how results from experience, information, knowledge,
learning, and skills of humans and human communities. Knowledge creates the longest lasting competitive
advantage and is an essential component of the human capital. It may consist entirely of technical
information (as in science and technology area) or may reside in actual experiences or skills acquired by
the individuals (as in manufacturing or medical industries).
In scientific and technological fields, the various types of knowledge are also identified as [23]:
– Conceptual knowledge, such as the concept of momentum or energy, or that the velocity of an
object changes when it accelerates, or that the gravitational potential energy of an object decreases
as it falls.

– Factual knowledge, such as the value of the gravitational constant g, the radius of the moon, or the
density of iron.

– Representational knowledge, such as how to draw and use graphs.

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