Page 123 - Trust in ICT 2017
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Trust in ICT                                                2


            –       There are different information-use strategies based on useful knowledge.

            –       Knowledge is precisely what enables us to "orient ourselves in thought".
            –       To transform information into knowledge, the distinction between knowledge and information must
                    also take into account the process whereby knowledge is shaped as information.




                       Socialization                                              Externalization







                         Empathizing                       Taci                     Articulating


                                                    Tacit       Explic

                         Embodying                                                  Connecting
                                                          Explic






                       Internalization                                             Combination



                                  Figure 5 – Recursive cycle of knowledge creation (ref. [15])

            Recursive natures of knowledge
            Knowledge  creation  has  an  iterative  and  recursive  nature  between tacit  knowledge and explicit
            knowledge [15].  "Tacit  knowledge  represents  the  internalized  knowledge  that  an  individual  may  not  be
            consciously  aware  of,  such  as  how  he  or  she  accomplishes  particular  tasks"  with  unexplainable  know-
            how. "Explicit knowledge represents the knowledge that the individual holds consciously in mental focus, in
            a form that's easily communicated to others." [15]. When tacit knowledge is extracted to become explicit
            knowledge, explicit knowledge is re-internalized into the tacit knowledge. Based on the iterative nature of
            knowledge,  there  can  be  a  continual  evolution  of  knowledge  through  socialization,  externalization,
            combination,  and  internalization.  By  understanding  the  process  of  how  data  and  information  is  stored,
            related,  and  integrated  (data  layers)  and  how  people  will  want  to  access  and  utilize  the  information
            (information and knowledge layers), the steps in addressing the technology needs of a knowledge creation
            in the ICT environment are clarified.

            Knowledge platform for complex systems
            To solve the human genome and complex systems, a large number of interacting processes are needed
            among all the components. Moreover, the activity of individual components are non-linear. The sciences of
            complexity systems such as the earth's global climate, human brain, and social organization are necessarily
            based on interdisciplinary researches. Almost all interesting processes in nature are highly cross linked. Many
            systems which interact non-linearly to form compound structures or functions require more explanatory
            devices to explain the building blocks. This process for new, complementary, modes of description is known
            as hierarchical self-organizing systems that are defined as complex. The complex system is comprised of a
            large  number  of  strongly  interacting  entities,  processes,  or  agents,  which  requires  understanding  new
            scientific  tools  and  non-linear models without equilibrium  descriptions.  In  addition, to  solve  the  human
            genome, a lot of networking environments are needed: 1) the gene networks that direct developmental
            processes; 2) immune networks that preserve the identity of organisms and social insect colonies; 3) neural


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