Page 124 - Trust in ICT 2017

2 Trust in ICT

networks in the brain that produce intelligence and consciousness; 4) ecological networks; and 5) social
networks comprised of transportation, utilities, and telecommunication systems, as well as economies. The
ICT infrastructure with the help of cloud computing can provide massive computer simulations for complex
systems.

A stepwise approach toward future knowledge society

For the networked society, knowledge is a source of all human beings including behaviours and building
society. The networking of knowledge and the speeding up of information processing open up new
possibilities for work according to their use and their ultimate purpose. The current Internet as a public
network gives fresh opportunities to achieve equal and universal access to knowledge. True knowledge
society is evolved from sustainable development of the ICT infrastructure.

Jeremy Rifkin in his 2011 book "The Third Industrial Revolution" said that there will be new information and
communication technologies associated with a change in knowledge systems and patterns [16]. With the
advent of virtual world during the digital revolution, the society of the intangible always confers greater
strategic advantages and power over the tangible. Jeremy Rifkin explores how Internet technology and
renewable energy are merging to create a powerful "Third Industrial Revolution". He asks us to imagine
hundreds of millions of people producing their own green energy in their homes, offices, and factories, and
sharing it with each other in an "Energy Internet", just like we now create and share information online. The
Third Industrial Revolution by using Internet technology will create thousands of businesses and millions of
jobs, and usher in a fundamental reordering of human relationships. It will impact the way we conduct
business, govern society, educate our children, and engage in civic life. The revolution toward knowledge
society improves thermodynamic efficiencies, dramatically increases productivity, and reduces the marginal
cost of producing and delivering a full range of goods and services to near zero across the entire economy.

4.2 New technologies for knowledge society

Data formats depending on applications

Through the ICT infrastructure, there are various digital data types and formats including audio/video as well
as files. In telecommunication and broadcast applications, the content formats are used in recording and
transmission, which include analogue and digitized contents. The contents may be delivered via transmission
channels, encrypted in digital forms, recorded in storage and processing methods, and displayed on the
screen. The metadata provides the descriptive information of the data such as means, purpose, time and
date, creator or author, and location, etc.
For Internet applications, there are many file types and formats that are encoded for digital storage in a
computer. Some file formats such as hypertext markup language (HTML), scalable vector graphics, and source
codes of computer language are used with defined syntaxes and possible control characters. The chunk-
based file format are used for the Internet, in which the identifiers are human-readable and classify parts of
the data such as "surname", "address", "rectangle", and "font", etc. The information that identifies a
particular "chunk" may be called by "field name", "identifier", "label", or "tag". The data format with
multipurpose Internet mail extensions (MIME) header, comma-separated value (CSV), extensible markup
language (XML), and JavaScript object notation (JSON) are used on the Internet and the web. Recently,
unstructured file formats of raw data are widely used by dumping memory or collecting sensing data of
Internet of things (IoT) devices. The unstructured data is difficult for reading and writing without conversion
to a structured format. To identify a file format, the internal metadata is stored inside the file itself. Typical
file header contains metadata about content format, size, resolution, colour, and optional authoring
information. Such metadata may be used by reading, interpreting, and displaying the file.

For the location-based applications, the geographic data format is used to capture, store, edit, analyse, share,
and display spatial or geographical information. The geographical data are used for location-enabled services
such as transport/logistics, real estate, public safety, crime mapping, national defence, and climatology. The
global positioning system (GPS)-enabled mobile devices are used to display their location in relation to fixed
objects (nearest restaurant, gas station, and fire hydrant, etc.) or mobile objects (friends, children, and
police cars, etc.). The geographical data represent real objects such as roads, lands, trees, houses, buildings,

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