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Open access statement and copyright

This publication is a peer reviewed, open access journal published with no author’s fees. All articles included in the ITU Journal are copyrighted ITU, and available for free at https://www.itu.int/pub/S-JOURNAL.
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Licensing statement and reproduction rights

Under the user license Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 IGO (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGO), users may copy and distribute journal articles in any format. The user may do so provided appropriate credit is given, this includes but is not limited to, providing the name of the author and a link to the original published material. The user may not copy or distribute the publication for commercial use nor may the user distribute a version of the publication that has been remixed, transformed or built upon. The complete license is available at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/igo/.

Commercial use

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Third-party materials

If the user wishes to reuse material from the published articles that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures or images, it is the user's responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that reuse and to obtain permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third-party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user.

General disclaimers

The designations employed and the presentation of the material in the published articles do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of ITU concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by ITU in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.