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Electronic cards and tags

Radio-Frequency Identification (or RFID) is implemented in numerous industrial sectors (person or vehicle identification, stock management, etc.). The electronic tags are actually miniaturized radio emitters that can be read from a few centimeters to several meters off, even through obstacles that would prevent the use of barcodes, for instance.
The ISO/IEC 7816-4 standard uses BER for exchanging data with integrated circuit cards with contacts. The majority of chip cards and smart cards used in Europe and in the US conform to this standard.