Page 33 - ITU Journal Future and evolving technologies Volume 2 (2021), Issue 5 – Internet of Everything

ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies, Volume 2 (2021), Issue 5

Table 2 – IoE enabling technologies and features
Technology Frequency Range Maximum Channel Band‑ Security Reliability Latency
Band Date Rate width
LoRa 868 MHz, 15 km 50 kbps 125, 250, 500 kHz Low Low High
915 MHz
SigFox 915 to 928 MHz 20 km+ 100 bps 100 Hz Low Low High
eMTC 700 − 900 MHz < 15 km 1 Mbps 1.08 MHz Medium/ Medium/ Low
(1.4 MHz carrier High High
bandwidth)
NB‑IoT 700 − 900 MHz < 35 km DL: 170 kbps 180 kHz Medium/ Medium/ Low
UL: 250 kbps (200 kHz carrier High High
bandwidth)
EC‑GSM‑ 800 − 900 MHz < 15 km 74 kbps 0.2 MHz Medium/ Medium/ Low
IoT (GMSK), 240 High High
kbps (8 PSK)
Bluetooth 2.4 GHz 50 m 2 Mbps 2 MHz Low Medium/ Low
High
ZigBee 868 MHz, Typically 250 kbps 2 MHz Low Low High
915 MHz, and less than
2.4 GHz 1 km
Wi‑Fi 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz 100 m 54 Mbps 22 MHz Medium/ Medium/ Low
High High

potential application domains for non‑cellular‑based LP‑ communication scenarios for V2X networks are 1) Vehicle
WAN technologies. to Vehicle (V2V) communications, in which information
IoE will also play a major role in industrial automation in is exchanged between vehicles; 2) Vehicle to Infrastruc‑
the near future [53, 54]. Most industrial automation ap‑ ture (V2I) communications, which occur between vehi‑
plications require high reliability and low latency. Small clesandRoadsideUnits(RSUs), traf iclights, and basesta‑
scale networks such as Wireless Highway Addressable tions; 3) Vehicle to Pedestrian (V2P) communications, in
Remote Transducer (WirelessHART), Wireless Interface which vehicles communicate with people who are along
for Sensors and Actuators (WISA), and Wireless Networks the side of the road; and 4) Vehicle to Network (V2N),
for Industrial Automation for Process Automation (WIA‑ where the vehicles connect to an entity in the networks
PA), which are based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard, and e.g., a backend server or a traf ic information system [30].
the WIAFA [4], which is based on the IEEE 802.11 stan‑ However, the requirements on latency and reliability are
dards are typically used in industrial automation [30]. very high for V2X networks. Some basic requirements for
However, they do not meet the high scalability and reli‑ V2X communication networks are low latency, high relia‑
ability requirements required by many applications. In bility, high throughput, interference‑robust, communica‑
some industrial applications, the wireless transmission tion range and mobility support. It is expected that 5G
should potentially guarantee the PER around 10 −9 within cellular networks will play an important role in this ap‑
the transmission delay constraint as low as 10 µs [30] plication domain.
which may be dif icult for many LPWAN technologies. The Currently, most of the LPWAN technologies use a star
current state of the art of different technologies and re‑ topology and rely on wired infrastructure (e.g., cellular
search studies suggest cellular‑based LPWAN technolo‑ LPWANs) or Internet (e.g., LoRaWAN) to integrate mul‑
gies are the most suitable candidates for industrial au‑ tiple networks to cover large areas. The adoption of
tomation applications. URLLC is one of the most impor‑ LPWAN technologies in rural and remote area applica‑
tant features of the 5G mobile network. Thus, cellular‑ tions such as agricultural IoE and industrial IoE (e.g., for
based technologies may be able to meet some of the in‑ oil/gas ields) that may cover large areas is challenging.
dustrial automation application criteria. The typical data Some technologies for achieving last‑mile connectivity
size of a packet in an industrial setting is only a few bytes have been discussed in [56]. Cellular networks can be
with different update frequency, latency and reliability an ef icient last‑mile solution for rural areas due to sig‑
requirements while the typical communication range is ni icant cellular penetration in many rural areas across
very low. Some valuable insights can be obtained from [4, the world. Although WiFi is a mature technology, the
34, 55]. ZigBee and Wi‑Fi could also be suitable for some IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol gives poor end‑to‑end perfor‑
industrial applications as well [4]. mance for long‑range communication. Femtocell, which
IoE networks are expected to play a crucial role in im‑ uses a small low‑power cellular base station, can be used
proving transportation capability and ef iciency. Some to provide cost‑effective cellular connectivity within its

© International Telecommunication Union, 2021 21