Page 28 - ITU Journal Future and evolving technologies Volume 2 (2021), Issue 5 – Internet of Everything

ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies, Volume 2 (2021), Issue 5

Fig. 1 – Application‑speci ic technology selection

the number of packet transmissions and network lifetime. collect energy from the Radio Frequency (RF) of the sur‑
However, in some applications such as wearables devices rounding transmitters [16]. For Unmanned Aerial Vehi‑
where a signi icant volume of data may need to be pro‑ cle (UAV) applications, UAV swarms can have a relatively
cessed, the circuit power consumption is often compara‑ good channel state to complete wireless power transfer as
ble to the transmit power [13]. the probability of inding a Line of Sight (LoS) link is high
[11]. Cognitive radio and Non‑Orthogonal Multiple Ac‑
Energyef iciencyissueswillhavetobeaddressedthrough
the design of hardware, software or MAC protocols, suit‑ cess (NOMA) are candidate technologies for 5G networks
able routing scheme, ef icient energy management sys‑ for improving network spectral ef iciency and scalability
tem and energy harvesting. The multi‑hop routing in and the authors in [17] introduced a resource manage‑
[14] was found to be more energy‑ef icient than single‑ ment framework for cognitive IoE networks with RF en‑
hop routing in LoRa networks while ensuring high net‑ ergy harvesting. In a Wireless Powered Communication
work connectivity, low computational complexity for end Network (WPCN), multiple energy‑limited devices irst
nodes and addressing dynamic node distribution scenar‑ harvest energy in the downlink and then transmit infor‑
ios. On the other hand, the routing algorithm in [15] mation in the uplink. Although NOMA has been proposed
combined different energy harvesting techniques to im‑ to improve the system spectral ef iciency in 5G networks,
prove the network lifetime and Quality of Service (QoS) the authors in [13] found that NOMA‑based WPCN not
under variable traf ic load and energy availability condi‑ only consumes more energy but also is less spectrally ef‑
tions. Wireless power transfer enables the IoE nodes to icient than TDMA‑based WPCN.

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