Page 29 - ITU Journal Future and evolving technologies Volume 2 (2021), Issue 5 – Internet of Everything

ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies, Volume 2 (2021), Issue 5

Fig. 2 – Growth of IoE devices

2.2 Network coverage
Table 1 – Average message transaction rate and average message size
for different IoE applications
The requirement for extended network coverage is an‑
other key driving force for the introduction of LPWAN Application Average Message Average
technologies. Extended network coverage will be re‑ Transaction Rate Message
quired for some of the IoE applications; for example, ( ) Size (bytes)
−1
smart meters located in the basement of buildings, be‑ −2
hind a concrete wall or inside elevators will require an Roadway 3.33 × 10 1
Signs
enhanced link budget. Also, the wireless coverage of −2
UAVs for IoE should be extended rapidly and effectively Traf ic Lights 1.67 × 10 1
in disaster‑affected areas [18]. UAV‑aided networks can or Traf ic
Sensors
establish wireless interconnections quickly, which is nec‑
House 1.16 × 10 −5 8
essary for achieving larger wireless coverage. Multi‑hop Appliances
Device to Device (D2D) communications can be utilized −4
to achieve larger coverage for UAVs [18]. Link budget and Credit 5.56 × 10 24
design parameters can be exploited to increase network Machine
in a Shop
coverage. The authors in [19] found that NB‑IoT 882 MHz −3
and LoRaWAN can increase coverage by up to 398% and Home 1.67 × 10 20
142% respectively with a 10% improvement in receiver Security
sensitivity. They also found that RPMA, NB‑IoT and LTE‑ Process 0.2 to 10 40 to 100
M incurs at least 9 dB additional path loss relative to Sig‑ Automation
fox and LoRaWAN. Smart Grids 10 to 100 80 to 1000
Road Safety 10 ≤ 500
Highway
2.3 Security and privacy
ic 1 1 K
Security incidents weaken the con idence in the IoE Ef iciency
paradigm, hindering its widespread implementation. Urban 1 1 M/car
The disclosure of private and con idential information Intersection
causes various privacy violations and business disrup‑
tions. However, the most signi icant danger remains the

© International Telecommunication Union, 2021 17