Page 31 - ITU Journal Future and evolving technologies Volume 2 (2021), Issue 5 – Internet of Everything

ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies, Volume 2 (2021), Issue 5

play important roles in meeting the various service qual‑ to provide a larger communication range. IEEE work‑
ity requirements of diverse applications [36]. In this con‑ ing group 802.11ah enhanced communication develop‑
text, a two‑hop NOMA‑enabled data aggregation architec‑ ment resulting in Bluetooth Low Energy 4.0, ZigBee and
ture was proposed in [36] for massive cellular IoE appli‑ Wi‑Fi/IEEE802.11 to support short‑range communica‑
cations. Moreover, a delay of no more than a few millisec‑ tion for MTC [5]. On the other hand, EC‑GSM‑IoT, NB‑IoT,
onds is expected in biomedical applications. The authors LTE Cat‑M1 are cellular‑based LPWAN technologies that
in [37] discussed task of loading in wireless networks to are intended to address the different IoE application re‑
save energy for devices and reduce the delay of process‑ quirements such as long‑range, low power consumption,
ing tasks in IoE networks. A signi icant amount of medical high bandwidth etc. Brief descriptions of some technolo‑
data traf ic will be produced with extensive use of IoE‑ gies are provided in the following subsections [43].
based Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs), leading
to an imperative requirement for radio resource manage‑ 3.1 Non‑cellular‑based LPWAN technologies
ment with high utilization ef iciency. It will be necessary
to offer a priority‑based transmission order to guarantee LoRa: LoRa performs signal modulation in sub‑GHz ISM
varying medical‑grade QoS requirements [38]. bandsusingaspreadspectrumtechniquewhichspreadsa
narrowband input signal over a wider channel bandwidth
2.7 Network deployment cost [44]. LoRa networks can utilize different data rates rang‑
ing from 300 bps to a maximum of 50 kbps and various
Facilitating pro itable business cases for IoE requires low transmission ranges with different spreading factors. The
device and network deployment costs. A modulo cost topology of LoRa networks is star‑to‑star where end de‑
of less than $5 is the current industrial target. Cap‑ vices communicate with a LoRa Gateway (GW) directly in
ital Expenditure (CAPEX) and Operational Expenditure single‑hop using an ALOHA medium access scheme and
(OPEX) should be kept at a minimum cost in the pursuit of to combat interference it relies on Frequency Hopping
achieving massive IoE applications and ensuring network Spread Spectrum (FHSS) [5]. The technology utilizes dif‑
connectivity [5]. With the non‑uniform distributions of ferent channel bandwidths such as 7.8 kHz, 10.4 kHz, 15.6
both the applications and humans with sensor devices in kHz, 31.2 kHz, 41.7 kHz, 62.5 kHz, 125 kHz, 250 kHz and
Information‑Centric IoE (IC‑IOE) networks, the informa‑ 500 kHz. LoRaWAN adds a network layer to address net‑
tion in the urban regions will be redundant and timely work congestion between end devices and central nodes.
information collection in some regions will be challeng‑ 868 MHz ISM bands in Europe and 915 MHz bands in
ing. Arranging plenty of static sensor devices will incur North America are used for network operation.
unrealistically huge costs for the IC‑IoEs [39]. The au‑ Sigfox: Sigfox utilizes Ultra‑Narrowband (UNB) to offer
thors in [40] focused on the design for jointly optimiz‑ complete end‑to‑end connectivity. Base stations in Sig‑
ing downlink and uplink operations to reduce costs in fox are con igured with cognitive software‑de ined radios
cellular‑based IoE networks which provide connections while IP‑based network infrastructure is utilized to con‑
to a massive number of IoE equipment following random nect them with backend servers [44]. End devices utilize
access. Cost reduction in LoRa, Sigfox, and NB‑IoT net‑ a Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) modulation scheme
works is also a vital issue, as they too are expected to con‑ in an ultra‑narrowband of 100 Hz sub‑GHz ISM band car‑
nect a massive number of IoE equipment [40]. rier to connect themselves to the BS. SigFox operates in
different frequency bands such as 868 MHz and 915 MHz.
3. IOE ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES Gaussian FrequencyShiftKeying(GFSK) fordownlinkand
Differential Binary Phase Shift Keying (DBPSK) for uplink
D2D communications, Massive Machine Communications transmission are used. The maximum packet size of 12
(MMC), Moving Networks (MN), Ultra‑Dense Networks bytes and the maximum throughput of 100 bps limit the
(UDN) and ultra‑reliable networks are expected to be sup‑ number of use cases [44].
ported by 5G networks, while MMC forms the the basis of
IoE [41, 42]. Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) 3.2 Cellular‑based LPWAN technologies
are suitable for massive IoE applications and typical ap‑
plications include logistics, utilities, smart cities, con‑ Enhanced Machine Type Communication (eMTC): eMTC
sumer electronics, smart buildings, environment, agri‑ also known as LTE Cat‑M1 or Cat‑M is an enhancement
culture and industry. LoRa, Sigfox, Ingenu, Random for LTE networks to support MTC applications. This tech‑
Phase Multiple Access (RPMA), DASH‑7 and Weightless nology was introduced to reduce modem complexity, cost
are some potential LPWAN technologies. Some of the tra‑ and power consumption while extending coverage [5].
ditional solutions like Bluetooth, Wi‑Fi, ZigBee, WLAN, The use of 20 dBm power classes in Cat‑M1 enables in‑
Z wave, GSM, LTE can provide wireless connections of tegration of power ampli iers and through avoiding a
the IoE devices in the network. However, these solu‑ dedicated power ampli ier achieves a lower device cost.
tions demand high cost, high energy consumption and A maximum coupling loss of 155.7 dB can be achieved
high complexity. While some of these technologies can with eMTC which marks an improvement of 15 dB over
support high bandwidth applications, they are unable LTE base‑line of 140.7 dB. Utilizing Power Saving Man‑

© International Telecommunication Union, 2021 19