Page 30 - ITU Journal Future and evolving technologies Volume 2 (2021), Issue 5 – Internet of Everything

ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies, Volume 2 (2021), Issue 5

threat to people’s lives and wellbeing from IoE devices’ devices as LPWAN technologies remain their operations
exposure. Security risks in a healthcare setting, manage‑ in unlicensed spectrums. Severe interference can poten‑
ment of traf ic lights/connected vehicles may cause acci‑ tially degrade network performance and service quality.
dents leading to fatalities besides causing havoc and in‑ A high level of interference will increase the Packet Er‑
creasing pollution [20]. The substantial difference be‑ ror Ratio (PER) resulting in a loss of reliability. A high
tween standard and IoE networks is the resourcefulness number of packet retransmissions might be required un‑
of the end devices. In contrast to traditional networks der these circumstances.
with over lowing resources, IoE devices mostly operate
on low power, limited memory, limited computing ability 2.5 Reliability
and storage facility. Thus, a balance is required between
security and resources as limited resources may restrict Reliability is imperative for the safety‑critical or mission‑
enabling technologies to lightweight security algorithms critical nature of the IoE applications. The diverse na‑
and protocols [21]. Besides, the IoE ecosystem faces di‑ ture of technical requirements for different IoE networks
verse data formats and contents due to different appli‑ poses a lot of challenges and for some applications, IoE
cation functionalities and the lack of a standard Operat‑ networks are required to simultaneously support high re‑
ing System (OS). They are prone to generic threats such liability, low latency and massive connectivity [30]. Strin‑
as hardware vulnerabilities, vulnerabilities of social engi‑ gent transmission reliability is required for some applica‑
neering, DoS/ DDoS attacks [21]. Architecture layerwise tions such as industrial automation, Vehicle to Everything
threats may include eavesdropping, node cloning in the (V2X) networks, and smart grids [30]. Malfunctions of
physical layer; unauthorized access, replication of nodes IoE devices, failure to capture critical data, network out‑
and injection of fake devices in the network layer etc. [21]. age and data loss may result in catastrophic effects, such
Research efforts are made to improve security in IoE net‑ as mission failure, inancial loss, and harm to people and
works. Security threats at different layers such as the environments [31]. The heterogeneous nature of IoE de‑
sensing layer, network layer, middleware layer, gateways vices and networks requires diverse reliability protocols.
and application layer are presented in [22]. The authors Reliable architecture, operation and application develop‑
in [22] also discussed existing and upcoming solutions ment must address errors in the hardware, the software,
to IoE security threats including blockchain, fog comput‑ interactions with the physical environment, and interac‑
ing, edge computing and machine learning. Adoption of tions with the human users [32]. The authors in [33] ex‑
Distributed IP Mobility Management (DMM) for 5G net‑ plored the reliability of the NB‑IoT network in intelligent
works and af iliated applications is highly predicted [23]. systems.
The lat architecture of DMM harmonizes well with 5G
networks while overcoming the critical shortcomings of 2.6 Delay
the centralized mobility management technologies such
as Mobile IPv6 and Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) [24]. Pro‑ In the context of new 5G use cases, IoE applications
tecting transmitted data traf ic between user mobile de‑ have been categorized into two classes: massive Machine
vices and their in‑home IoT appliances is of paramount Type Communications (mMTC) and Ultra‑Reliable Low
importance as the data traf ic may include users’ sen‑ Latency Communications (URLLC) [34]. mMTC applica‑
sitive and critical private information. The authors in tions will have demands for high network capacity, low‑
[24] focused on secure route optimization to enable di‑ cost end devices and longer battery lifetime. On the other
rect communication between end devices securely while hand, mission‑critical applications will rely on URLLC and
minimizing the possibility of information leakage during will demand uninterrupted service with the huge volume
data transmission. of data exchange. M2M communication is widely uti‑
lized in a vast number of Industrial Internet of Everything
2.4 Network scalability (IIoE) applications. M2M communications in IIoE can be
categorized as delay‑sensitive and delay‑tolerant. The
Network scalability will be a key consideration as soon as control system in smart manufacturing lines monitors the
the market gets bigger. IoE networks will have to sup‑ condition of the manufacturing lines and makes real‑time
port the inclusion of many new heterogeneous devices decisions. However, Machine Type Devices (MTDs) such
or exclusion of old devices to sustain market demand in as temperature and humidity sensors in manufacturing
the long run. Applications and functions for the interest factories can tolerate a large delay. The coexistence of
of end users without compromising the quality and pro‑ delay‑sensitive MTDs and delay‑tolerate MTDs requires
vision of existing services will have to be addressed too clustering for ef icient provisioning of heterogeneous de‑
which in turn will put a constraint on network capacity. lay requirements [35].
Network scalability, throughput and/or cell capacity is‑ The contention over the limited network radio resources
sues have been studied in [25‑29]. Transceivers are as‑ will increase, leading to network congestion with the in‑
sumed to undergo high levels of cross and self‑technology creasing number of devices. Providing delay‑aware chan‑
interference from heterogeneous environments of vari‑ nel access in cellular networks is essential for many IoE
ous wireless technologies and the massive number of IoE applications. Node clustering and data aggregation can

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