Page 26 - ITU Journal Future and evolving technologies Volume 2 (2021), Issue 5 – Internet of Everything
P. 26
ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies, Volume 2 (2021), Issue 5
• MN ‑ Moving Networks • WISA ‑ Wireless Interface for Sensors and Actuators
• MTC ‑ Machine Type Communication • WLAN ‑ Wireless Local Area Network
• MTDs ‑ Machine Type Devices • WPCN ‑ Wireless Powered Communication Network
• NANs ‑ Neighborhood Area Networks • WSNs ‑ Wireless Sensor Networks
• NB‑IoT ‑ Narrowband Internet of Things
1. INTRODUCTION
• NOMA ‑ Non Orthogonal Multiple Access
The term ‘Internet of Things’ (IoT) refers to the network
• OPEX ‑ Operational Expenditure of physical objects or things embedded with electronics,
software, sensors and network connectivity where infor‑
• OS ‑ Operatig System
mation exchange takes place automatically [1]. The term
• PER ‑ Packet Error Ratio IoE is preferred over IoT by many as IoE comprehen‑
sively addresses the connectivity of various technologies,
• PLC ‑ Power Line Communication processes and people while IoT addresses interconnec‑
tivity of physical objects, data inputs and outputs. Hu‑
• PMIPV6 ‑ Proxy Mobile IPv6
mans, monitoring sensors, healthcare equipment, sensor‑
• PSM ‑ Power Saving Management equipped automobiles etc. are considered in ‘Everything’
[2]. A signi icant increase in the number of deployed IoE
• PWPN ‑ Power Wireless Private Network devices can be observed in recent years as the IoE concept
receives broader industry momentum. Some predictions
• QoS ‑ Quality of Service
on the IoE deployment scale [3], technology’s market pen‑
• RF ‑ Radio Frequency etration [4] and estimated revenue generation [5] can be
found in the literature. IoE promises ease of low of infor‑
• RPMA ‑ Random Phase Multiple Access mation ef iciently in a fast‑paced world with various en‑
visioned application types such as IoE devices from mo‑
• RSUs ‑ Roadside Units
biles, smart home energy management systems, support‑
• SGs ‑ Smart Grids ing disabled people, tracking human behaviour, under‑
water sensor networks, military affairs and autonomous
• SMs ‑ Smart Meters cars. Agriculture, healthcare, environment, transport, in‑
dustrial automation etc. are some of the potential IoE ap‑
• SPHERE ‑ Sensor Platform for Residential Environ‑
ment plication domains. IoE will incorporate both humans and
machines as suggested by some IoE applications where
• UAV ‑ Unmanned Aerial Vehicle interaction with humans [6], places of residence [7], hu‑
man nature [8], and environment [9] are observed.
• UDN ‑ Ultra‑Dense Network Since IoE application requirements are diverse, network
designs are often facilitated by differentiating Machine
• UNB ‑ Ultra‑Narrowband
to Machine (M2M) networks from Machine Type Com‑
• URLLC ‑ Ultra‑Reliable Low Latency Communica‑ munication (MTC) networks. M2M communication in‑
tions cludes the remote control of machines, monitoring, and
collecting data from machines, whereas in MTC, typi‑
• V2I ‑ Vehicle to Infrastructure cally, devices are small, inexpensive and can operate for
an extended period without human intervention. M2M
• V2N ‑ Vehicle to Network
communication networks differentiate themselves from
• V2P ‑ Vehicle to Pedestrian networks that relay traf ic generated or consumed by
humans in IoE. Examples of MTC are smart commu‑
• V2V ‑ Vehicle to Vehicle nity, smart building, smart grid, smart water system etc.
Network connectivity, communication protocols, middle‑
• V2X ‑ Vehicle to Everything
ware frameworks, etc. need careful consideration to
• WANs ‑ Wide Area Networks support the massive number of devices. The hetero‑
geneous nature of traf ic such as static, intermittent,
• WBANs ‑ Wireless Body Area Networks delay‑sensitive, delay‑tolerant, small or large packets and
• WIA‑PA ‑ Wireless Networks for Industrial Automa‑ application‑speci ic performance objectives can make the
tion for Process Automation wireless network design more complicated and challeng‑
ing. For example, the tolerable delay and an update fre‑
• WirelessHART ‑ Wireless Highway Addressable Re‑ quency for the waste management application are 30
mote Transducer minutes and 1 hour, respectively. On the other hand, in‑
14 © International Telecommunication Union, 2021
