Page 98 - ITU Journal Future and evolving technologies – Volume 2 (2021), Issue 2

ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies, Volume 2 (2021), Issue 2

–Š‡ ˆ‘”‡”ǡ –™‘ †‹•–”‹„—–‡† ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡• ™‡”‡ ’”‘˜‹†‡† ˆƒ•– ‘˜‡”‰‡ ‡ ‹ ƒ ϐ‹‹–‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ –‹‡ •Ž‘–• ™Š‹ Šǡ
–Šƒ– ”‡Ž› ‘ ƒ”‘˜ ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ’Žƒ ‡‡– ƒ• ƒŽ”‡ƒ†› •–ƒ–‡†ǡ ƒŽ•‘ ‡•—”‡• ‘’Ž‹ƒ ‡ ™‹–Š Žƒ–‡ ›
‘ˆ ˆ‘‰ ‹ ”‘•‡”˜‹ ‡•Ǥ ‡‹‰Š„‘”‹‰ ˆ‘‰ ‘†‡• ƒ –Š‡ „‘—†• –Šƒ– ‹’ƒ – —Ž–‹‡†‹ƒ ”‡†‡”‹‰ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ǡ
ƒ—–‘‘‘—•Ž› †‡ ‹†‡ —’‘ ‹ ”‘•‡”˜‹ ‡ ‘˜‡‡– ‘” „› ‡’Ž‘›‹‰ ‡Žƒ•–‹ ”‡Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘ ”—Ž‡•ǡ ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ”‡’Ž‹Ǧ
•™ƒ’’‹‰ —–‹Ž ƒ •–ƒ–‡ ‹• ”‡ƒ Š‡† ™Š‡”‡ ‡‡”‰› ‘•—’Ǧ ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ† ‘•‘Ž‹†ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
–‹‘ ƒ† ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘•–• ƒ”‡ ‹‹‹œ‡†Ǥ  –Š‡ Žƒ–Ǧ — Š ”‡Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘ ‡ Šƒ‹ •ǡ „ƒ•‡† ‘ Ž‘ ƒŽ‹œ‡† ‹ˆ‘”ƒǦ
–‡”ǡ –Š‡ ƒ—–Š‘”• †‡˜‹•‡† ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ •™ƒ” ‘’–‹‹œƒ–‹‘ ƒŽǦ –‹‘ǡ Šƒ˜‡ „‡‡ –Š‡ ‰‘ƒŽ ‘ˆ ’ƒ•– Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ǡ ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ȏͷ͹ǡ ͷͺǡ
‰‘”‹–Š –‘ ƒš‹‹œ‡ ‡‡”‰› ’”‘ϐ‹–• —†‡” ‘•–”ƒ‹–• ”‡Ǧ ͷͻǡ ʹͳȐǤ ‘ –Š‡ „‡•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒ—–Š‘”•ǯ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǡ –Š‡ Ž‘•Ǧ
Žƒ–‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ ƒ’ƒ ‹–› ƒ† ’”‘š‹‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡†‰‡ •‡”˜‡”•Ǥ ‡•– ™‘” –‘ –Š‹• ’ƒ’‡” ‹• –Š‡ ‘‡ ‹ ȏ͸ͲȐǡ ™Š‹ Š Šƒ• •Š‘™
Š‡ ƒ—–Š‘”• ‹ ȏͷͲȐ ‡’Ž‘› ƒ Ž‹‰Š–™‡‹‰Š– ˆ”ƒ‡™‘” ƒ† –‘ ›‹‡Ž† ”‡†— ‡† ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ ‘•–• ȋ‡˜‡ ‹ˆ ƒ– –Š‡ ‡š’‡•‡
’”‘’‘•‡ –™‘ ‰”‡‡†› ˆ‘‰ ’Žƒ ‡‡– ƒŽ‰‘”‹–Š• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‘ˆ ‘– ƒŽ™ƒ›• ’”‘˜‹†‹‰ ‘’–‹ƒŽ •‘Ž—–‹‘•Ȍ ˆ‘” ‰‡‡”ƒŽ
†›ƒ‹ †‡’Ž‘›‡– ‘ˆ ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ǡ –Šƒ– ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡ Ž‘™ Ž‘—† ‘’—–‹‰ ‡–™‘”•ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ „‡‹‰ ”‡•‹Ž‹‡– –‘ –Š‡‹”
‘•–• •—„Œ‡ – –‘ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‘ ”‡•–”‹ –‹‘•Ǥ ‹‡ ǡ Š‹‰Š †›ƒ‹ ‹–›Ǥ Š‡ ’”‡•‡–‡† ƒŽ‰‘”‹–Šǡ –Š—•ǡ ”‡Žƒ–‡•
–Š‹• ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” ˆ”ƒ‡™‘” –ƒ‡• ‹–‘ ƒ ‘—– –Š‡ ƒ‰‰”‡Ǧ –‘ –Š‡•‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡• „—– ‰”‡ƒ–Ž› †‹˜‡”•‹ϐ‹‡• ‹–Ǧ
‰ƒ–‡ †‡ƒ†• ‘ˆ –Š‡ —†‡”Ž›‹‰ ‘ ‘†‡• –‘ ‘†‹ˆ› –Š‡ •‡Žˆ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ ƒ’–—”‡ –Š‡ ‹†‹‘•› ”ƒ•‹‡• ‘ˆ
’Žƒ ‡‡– ’‡”‹‘†‹ ƒŽŽ›Ǥ Ž‘—†Ȁˆ‘‰ —Ž–‹‡†‹ƒ •›•–‡• ƒ† ‘ˆˆ‡” ƒ‰‹Ž‡ ”‡†‡”‹‰
• ‡–‹‘‡†ǡ Ž‘—† —Ž–‹‡†‹ƒ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ ‹• ƒŽ•‘ •‡”˜‹ ‡ ’Žƒ ‡‡–ǡ –Šƒ– ƒ ˆƒ•– ƒ†ƒ’– –‘ ‡–™‘” ‘• ‹ŽŽƒǦ
–‹‰Š–Ž› ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š ϐŽ— –—ƒ–‹‘• ‹ ™‘”Ž‘ƒ† ƒ‘‰ –‹‘• ™‹–Š ‘•–ƒ– Žƒ–‡ › ‰—ƒ”ƒ–‡‡• †—”‹‰ –Š‡ –‡”‹Ǧ
–Š‡ ’ƒ”–‹ ‹’ƒ–‹‰ ‡–‹–‹‡•Ǥ Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ Ž‘ƒ† „ƒŽƒ ‹‰ ‹• ƒǦ ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘ ’”‘ ‡••Ǥ
‘–Š‡” ”— ‹ƒŽ ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡ –Šƒ– ‹• ”‡‰—Žƒ”Ž› ‡ ‘—–‡”‡†Ǥ ‘”
‹•–ƒ ‡ǡ ‹ ȏͷͳȐ ƒ Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘Ǧ’”‹‘”‹–› ƒŽ‰‘”‹–Š –‘ ƒ††”‡•• ʹǤʹ ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘’ƒ”‹•‘
–Š‡ ƒ’ƒ ‹–ƒ–‡† ˜‡”•‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡†‰‡ •‡”˜‡” ƒŽŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘
’”‘„Ž‡ ‹• ’”‘’‘•‡†ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ‹ ȏͷʹȐ –Š‡ ‰‘ƒŽ ‹• –‘ ƒš‹Ǧ ‘ •—ƒ”‹œ‡ –Š‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—• •–—†‹‡•ǡ ™‡ ‘™ ’”‘˜‹†‡ ƒ
‹œ‡ •‡”˜‹ ‡ ƒ ‡••‹„‹Ž‹–› ™‹–Š •‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—• †‡’Ž‘›‡– –ƒš‘‘› ‘ –Š‡ „ƒ•‹• ‘ˆ –Š‡‹” ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‡˜‹”‘‡–Ǥ
‹‹‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ „› ‡”‰‹‰ ”‡†—†ƒ– ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ƒŽŽ‡Ǧ ‘”‡‘˜‡”ǡ ™‡ •Š‘™ ƒ•‡ ƒ††‹–‹‘ƒŽ Žƒ••‹ϐ‹‡”• ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰
˜‹ƒ–‹‰ ‹ –Š‹• ™ƒ› ‡†‰‡ •‡”˜‡”• ˆ”‘ —‡ ‡••ƒ”› ‘Ǧ –Š‡‹” Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘ ‡ Šƒ‹ • ȋ‹ˆ ƒ›Ȍǡ ƒ• ™‡ŽŽ ƒ• ‘’–‹‹œƒ–‹‘
’—–ƒ–‹‘Ǥ Ž–Š‘—‰Š ™‡ †‘ ‘– ‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ž› ‘•‹†‡” ƒ’ƒ ‹Ǧ ‘„Œ‡ –‹˜‡• ƒ† ‘•–”ƒ‹–•Ǥ
–‹‡• ‹ –Š‡ ’”‡•‡– ™‘”ǡ ‡˜‡”–Š‡Ž‡••ǡ ǯ• ’Žƒ ‡‡– ƒ„Ž‡ ͳ ‡Ž‹•–• –Š‡ Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‘ •‡”˜‹ ‡ ’Žƒ ‡‡– ƒ†
’”‘’‡”–‹‡•ǡ ƒ• †‹• —••‡† Žƒ–‡”ǡ ƒ”‡ Š‡ƒ˜‹Ž› ‹ϐŽ—‡ ‡† „› Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–• –Š‡ ‘–”‹„—–‹‰ ‡Ž‡‡–• ‘ˆ ‘—” ƒ’’”‘ƒ ŠǤ ‘”
–Š‡ ™‘”Ž‘ƒ† ™‹–‡••‡† ‹ –Š‡ ”‡†‡”‡”•ǯ ‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘† –Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– Žƒ••‹ϐ‹‡”•ǡ ™‡ ‘–‡ǣ
‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ •‡”˜‹ ‡ †‡ƒ† ƒ ——Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ Š—•ǡ ƒ Ȉ ˜‹”‘‡–ǣ †‹ ƒ–‡• –Š‡ –ƒ”‰‡–‡† Žƒ†• ƒ’‡ǡ ‡‹Ǧ
„‡ ‡ƒ•‹Ž› ‡š–‡†‡† –‘ ‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‡ •— Š †‡’‡†‡ ‹‡•Ǥ –Š‡” Ž‘—†ǡ ‡†‰‡ ȋ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ‘„‹Ž‡ ‡†‰‡Ȍǡ ˆ‘‰ǡ ‘”
ƒ‹‰ ƒ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ”‡•‡ƒ” Š †‹”‡ –‹‘ǡ –Š‡ ”‡ ‡–Ž› ’”‘Ǧ ‘–Š‡” ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ™‡„ǡ •ǡ †ƒ–ƒ ‰”‹†ǡ ‡– ǤȌǤ
’‘•‡† ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ˆ‘—† ‹ ȏͷ͵Ȑǡ •Š‘™ ƒ•‡• –Š‡ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ‹–›
‘ˆˆ‡”‡† „› ”–‹ϐ‹ ‹ƒŽ –‡ŽŽ‹‰‡ ‡ ȋ ȌǤ Š‡ ƒ—–Š‘”• —–‹Ž‹œ‡ Ȉ ‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‹œ‡†ǣ †‹ ƒ–‡• ™Š‡–Š‡” –Š‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ‹•
ƒ Ǧ‡ƒ„Ž‹‰ ‡ Šƒ‹• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ’Žƒ ‡‡– ‘ˆ —Ž–‹‡Ǧ †‹•–”‹„—–‡† ‘” ‡–”ƒŽ‹œ‡†Ǥ
†‹ƒ •‡”˜‹ ‡ ‹•–ƒ ‡• ‹ ‘„‹Ž‡ ‡†‰‡ ‘’—–‹‰ ‡ ‘•›•Ǧ Ȉ ›ƒ‹ ǣ †‹ ƒ–‡• ™Š‡–Š‡” –Š‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ‹• †›ƒ‹
–‡•ǡ –Šƒ– ‘•‹†‡”• —•‡” ‘„‹Ž‹–› ˆ‘” ’ƒ–Š ’”‡†‹ –‹‘ ƒ† ƒ† • ƒŽƒ„Ž‡ –‘ ‡–™‘” Šƒ‰‡• ‘” —•‡” ‘„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ
–Š‡ ‡’Ž‘›• ƒ ‡–ƒǦŠ‡—”‹•–‹ „‹ƒ”› ’ƒ”–‹ Ž‡ •™ƒ” ‘’Ǧ
–‹‹œƒ–‹‘ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š –‘ ƒ Š‹‡˜‡ ƒ –”ƒ†‡Ǧ‘ˆˆ „‡–™‡‡ ‘ Ȉ ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ǣ Š‘™• ‹ˆ –Š‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ƒŽŽ‘™• ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ǡ
ƒ† ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ ‡–™‘” †‡’Ž‘›‡– ‘•–Ǥ  ȏͷͶȐ –Š‡ ԚǦ ‡š Šƒ‰‡ǡ Šƒ†Ǧ‘ˆˆǡ ‘˜‡‡–ǡ ‘” •Š‹ˆ– ‘ˆ •‡”˜‹ ‡•Ǥ
‹• –ƒ Ž‡† ˆ‘” ‡†‰‡ ’”‘˜‹•‹‘‹‰ ‘ˆ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹˜‡ •‡”˜‹ ‡• Ȉ Žƒ ‡‡– †ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘ǣ —‡ –‘ –‡”‹‘Ž‘‰› †‹˜‡”•‹–›
•— Š ƒ• ‰ƒ‹‰ ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ™Š‡”‡‹ –Š‡ ƒ—–Š‘”• ’”‘Ǧ ƒ‘‰•– –Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– •–—†‹‡•ǡ ‹– ‹• ˆ—”–Š‡” †‹˜‹†‡†
’‘•‡ ƒ ‰”‡‡†› ‡–”ƒŽ‹œ‡† ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š –Šƒ– ƒ‹• ƒ– ƒš‹‹œǦ ‹–‘ –™‘ •—„ Žƒ••‡• ƒ• ȋ‹Ȍ ƒŽ‡Ǧ—’ǡ ‹ˆ –Š‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ˆƒǦ
‹‰ –Š‡ ’‡” ‡–ƒ‰‡ ‘ˆ ‘˜‡”‡† —•‡”•ǡ „› ‹–‡”ƒ–‹˜‡Ž› •‡Ž‡ –Ǧ ‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡• ƒ ‡š’ƒ•‹‘ ’Šƒ•‡ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ‡Žƒ•–‹ ”‡’Ž‹Ǧ
‹‰ •‹–‡• –Šƒ– •ƒ–‹•ˆ› –Š‡ ‘•– ‘„‹Ž‡ —•‡”•Ǥ  –Š‡ ”‡ ‡– ƒ–‹‘ǡ †—’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ††‹–‹‘ ‘” Œ‘‹ ‘ˆ •‡”˜‹ ‡•Ǣ ƒ†
™‘” ‘ˆ ȏͷͷȐǡ ƒ ’Žƒ ‡‡– •‘Ž—–‹‘ ‹• ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡† „ƒ•‡† ‘ ȋ‹‹Ȍ ƒŽ‡Ǧ†‘™ǡ ‹ˆ –Š‡ ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š •—’’‘”–• ƒ •Š”‹Ǧ
–Š‡ ‹–—‹–‹‘ –Šƒ– Š—„ ‘†‡• ™Š‹ Š ƒ”‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡† „› ‹‰ ’Šƒ•‡ǡ ‹ Ž—†‹‰ †‡Ž‡–‹‘ǡ ”‡‘˜ƒŽǡ †”‘’ǡ ‡˜‹ Ǧ
Š‹‰Š ‡–™‡‡‡•• ‡–”ƒŽ‹–› ȋ Ȍ ƒ† ‘„‡› •‘‡ †‡Žƒ› –‹‘ǡ ‡”‰‡ ‘” ‘•‘Ž‹†ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •‡”˜‹ ‡•Ǥ
‡–”‹ • ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ –Š‡ ’”‘˜‹•‹‘ ‘ˆ ‡š–Ǧ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ •‡”Ǧ
˜‹ ‡• ȋŽ‹‡ š Ȍ ƒ”‡ •—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ƒ†‹†ƒ–‡• ˆ‘” †‡’Ž‘›‹‰ ‡†‰‡ Ȉ ‘•–”ƒ‹–•ǣ ‡ —•‡ –Š‡ ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‹‰ ‘–ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ȋ Ȍ
•‡”˜‡”•Ǥ ‹‹Žƒ”Ž›ǡ ‹ ȏͷ͸Ȑ –Š‡ ƒ—–Š‘”• ‘•‹†‡” –Š‡ ‘•–Ǧ ”‡•‘—” ‡ ‘•–”ƒ‹– ‹ Ž—†‹‰ ƒ’ƒ ‹–›ǡ ’”‘ ‡••‹‰
‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ ‡†‰‡ •‡”˜‡” ’Žƒ ‡‡– ‹ ™‹”‡Ž‡•• ‡–”‘’‘Ž‹–ƒ ƒ’ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ȁ”ƒ–‡ǡ Ȁ Ȁ‡‘”› —–‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘Ǣ ȋ Ȍ
”‡ƒ ‡–™‘”• ȋ •Ȍ ƒ† ’”‘’‘•‡ ƒ ‘˜‡Ž ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š ‡–™‘” ‘•–”ƒ‹– ‹ Ž—†‹‰ „ƒ†™‹†–Š —•ƒ‰‡ǡ –‹‡
„ƒ•‡† ‘ ‡†‰‡ †‹˜‹•‹‘ ‹–‘ Ž—•–‡”•ǡ „› •‘Ž˜‹‰ ƒ †‘Ǧ ‘” Žƒ–‡ › –‘Ž‡”ƒ ‡ǡ •‡”˜‹ ‡ †‡ƒ†Ž‹‡Ǣ ȋ Ȍ ’”‘š‹Ǧ
‹ƒ–‹‰ •‡– ’”‘„Ž‡ ‹ ‰”ƒ’Š –Š‡‘”› —†‡” ‘ ”‡“—‹”‡Ǧ ‹–› ‘•–”ƒ‹– ‹ Ž—†‹‰ Š‘’Ǧ ‘—–ǡ Ž—•–‡”‹‰ǡ ‡‹‰ŠǦ
‡–•Ǥ —” ™‘” ϐ‹†• ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ ‡ –‘ –Š‹• ’”‡˜‹‘—• ™‘”Ǥ  „‘”Š‘‘† Ž‘ ƒŽ‹–›ǡ ‘‡ –‹˜‹–› ”ƒ†‹—•ǡ ƒš‹— †‹•Ǧ
ˆƒ –ǡ ™‡ ƒŽ•‘ ƒ†‘’– ‡Ž‡‡–• ˆ”‘ ‰”ƒ’Š –Š‡‘”› –‘ ‡ƒ„Ž‡ –ƒ ‡ǡ ‘˜‡”ƒ‰‡ǡ ‡– ǤǢ ƒ† ȋ Ȍ „—†‰‡– ‘•–”ƒ‹–

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