Page 101 - ITU Journal Future and evolving technologies – Volume 2 (2021), Issue 2

ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies, Volume 2 (2021), Issue 2

ͶǤ –Š‡ Ž‹‡– †‡˜‹ ‡• ‹ —””‡– ™‘”ǡ ƒ• ‘– ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡ ‘ˆ Š‘•–Ǧ
‹‰ ƒ •‡”˜‹ ‡ǡ †—‡ –‘ „ƒ––‡”› ‘•–”ƒ‹–• ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ‘„‹Ž‡ †‡Ǧ
 –Š‡ —””‡– •‡ –‹‘ǡ ƒ ˆ‘”ƒŽ †‡• ”‹’–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹• ˜‹ ‡•Ȍ ‘” ‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ”‡•‘—” ‡ Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ Ž–Š‘—‰Š
’”‘˜‹†‡† ‘•‹†‡”‹‰ ƒ –›’‹ ƒŽ Ǥ
–Š‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† –‘’‘Ž‘‰› ‘†‡Ž ƒ „‡ ‡ƒ•‹Ž› ‡š–‡†‡† –‘
‹ Ž—†‡ –Š‡•‡ǡ „› ‹ ‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ ’ƒ”ƒ†‹‰ǡ ˆ—”–Š‡”
ͶǤͳ –‘’‘Ž‘‰› ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ ‹–‘ –Š‹• ƒ•’‡ – ‹• „‡›‘† –Š‡ • ‘’‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡
ƒ Š ǯ• –‘’‘Ž‘‰›ǡ ƒ• ‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡† ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‘‰ Žƒ›‡” ‘ˆ ‹‰Ǥ ͳǡ —””‡– ™‘”Ǥ
ƒ „‡ ”‡’”‡•‡–‡† „› ƒ ‘‡ –‡† —†‹”‡ –‡† ‰”ƒ’Šǡ †‡Ǧ ‡•’‹–‡ –Š‡ ƒˆ‘”‡‡–‹‘‡† ƒ†‘’–‡† Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘ǡ –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ
‘–‡† ƒ• Ӽ ԋ Ӻ ǡ ™Š‡”‡ ԋ ‹• –Š‡ •‡– ‘ˆ ˆ‘‰ ‘†‡• ƒ† Ӻ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡† ƒ– ‡ƒ Š ˆ‘‰ ‘†‡ǡ ‘–ƒ‹‹‰ ‹–‡”ƒ –‹‘ ‘Ǧ
‘””‡•’‘†• –‘ –Š‡ •‡– ‘ˆ Ž‹• „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡Ǥ Š‡ǡ ƒ› ƒ†•ǡ ‹• •—‹–ƒ„Ž› ƒ’’‡† –‘ –Š‡ –”ƒˆϐ‹ Ž‘ƒ† ‹’‘•‡† „›
–™‘ ˆ‘‰ ‘†‡•ǡ Ԥ ԥ ୮ ԋ ǡ ƒ”‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡† ‘‡ –‡† ‹ˆ –Š‡”‡ –Š‡‹” ƒ••‹‰‡† —•‡”• ȋŽ‘ ƒ–‡† ƒ– –Š‡ —•‡”•ǯ Žƒ›‡”ȌǤ – ‹• Š›Ǧ
‡š‹•–• ƒ Ž‹ Ԕ Ԥ ԥ ୮ Ӻ „‡–™‡‡ –Š‡Ǥ ŽŽ ˆ‘‰ ‘†‡• ƒ”‡ ’‘–Š‡•‹œ‡† –Šƒ– ƒŽŽ —•‡”• ƒ”‡ ‡‰ƒ‰‡† ‹ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ˜‹”–—ƒŽ
ƒ••‹‰‡† ƒ ƒš‹— ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ ”ƒ‰‡ǡ Š‡ ‡ˆ‘”–Š ™‘”Ž†ǡ ƒ† •‘ ƒŽŽ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‹• –”ƒ•‹––‡† ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‘”
†‡‘–‡† ƒ• ᅹǤ —„•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ ˆ‘” Ԕ Ԥ ԥ –‘ ‡š‹•–ǡ –Š‡ ’‘Ǧ ‘ˆ ‡“—ƒŽǦ•‹œ‡† †ƒ–ƒ ’ƒ ‡–• ‹ –Š‡ Ǥ Š‹• •‹’Ž‹ϐ‹ ƒǦ
•‹–‹‘• ‘ˆ Ԥ ԥ —•– Ž‹‡ ™‹–Š‹ ᅹǡ‘”‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡–Ž› –‹‘ ‹• ƒ†‘’–‡† ‹ ‘”†‡” –‘ ƒ˜‘‹† –Š‡ ‡ ‡••‹–› ƒ† ‘Ǧ
Ԧ Ԥ ԥ ମ ᅹ ૞Ԥ ԥ ୮ ԋ ȋͷȌ ’Ž‡š‹–› ‘ˆ ’”‘†— ‹‰ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ˆ”ƒ‡ •‹œ‡• „ƒ•‡† ‘ ‡ƒ Š
Ž‹‡–ǯ• ’‡”•’‡ –‹˜‡ ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ʹ ‘” ͵ ˜‹‡™•ǡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ”‡•‘Ǧ
™Š‡”‡ Ԧ Ԥ ԥ †‡‘–‡• –Š‡ †‹•–ƒ ‡ „‡–™‡‡ Ԥ ƒ† ԥǤ Ž—–‹‘•ǡ ‡– ǤȌǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ ’ƒ ‡–• ‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ ”ƒ–‡
Š‡ǡ ˆ‘” ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ —Žƒ” Ԥ ȋԤ୮ԋ Ȍǡ Ž‡– ᅮ Ԥ †‡‘–‡ –Š‡ •‡– ‘ˆ ‹• Š‡ƒ˜‹Ž› †‡’‡†‡– ‘ –Š‡ —•‡”ǯ• ‹‡”•‹‘ ƒ –‹˜‹–› ƒ†
‡‹‰Š„‘” ‘†‡• ‘ˆ Ԥǡ ™Š‡”‡ Ԧ Ԥ ԥ ମ ᅹ Š‘Ž†• ૞Ԥ ԥ ୮ ԋ ǡ •‘ ‹– ƒ •‹‰‹ϐ‹ ƒ–Ž› ˜ƒ”› ˆ”‘ Ž‹‡– –‘ Ž‹‡–Ǥ ‘” ‡šǦ
ƒ† Ž‡– ԃଦ ƒš ]ᅮ Ԥ ]Ǥ
૞֐୮շ ƒ’Ž‡ǡ ƒ Ž‹‡– ԧǡ ƒ –‹˜‡Ž› ’ƒ”–ƒ‹‰ ™‹–Š ͵ ‘–‡– ”‡Ǧ
‡•‹†‡•ǡ ‡ƒ Š Ž‹ Ԕ୮Ӻ ‹• ƒ••‹‰‡† ƒ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ Ž‹ ™‡‹‰Š–ǡ ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ƒ ˜‹”–—ƒŽ ‡šŠ‹„‹–‹‘ǡ ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡• †ƒ–ƒ ’ƒ ‡–• ƒ– ‹–•
†‡‘–‡† ƒ• ԓ Ԥ ԥ Ǥ ‘–‡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ’Š›•‹ ƒŽ ‡ƒ‹‰ ‘ˆ –Š‹• ƒ••‘ ‹ƒ–‡† ˆ‘‰ ‘†‡ Ԥ୮ԋ ƒ– ƒ — Š Š‹‰Š‡” ”ƒ–‡ –Šƒ
™‡‹‰Š– ƒ ˜ƒ”› †‡’‡†‹‰ ‘ –Š‡ ƒ•‡ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡† ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ƒ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– Ž‹‡– Ԩǡ ™‹–‡••‹‰ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ • ‡‡ ƒ• ƒ ’ƒ•Ǧ
‡‡”‰› ‘•—’–‹‘ǡ „ƒ†™‹†–Š ‘•—’–‹‘ǡ ‡– ǤȌǤ  •‹˜‡ •’‡ –ƒ–‘”ǡ ƒ– Š‹• ˆ‘‰ ‘†‡ ԥ୮ ԋ ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡Ž›Ǥ Š‹•
ͳ
–Š‡ —””‡– ™‘”ǡ ‹– ”‡’”‡•‡–• –Š‡ ‘‡Ǧ™ƒ› ‘—‹Ǧ ƒ••—’–‹‘ ‹• ƒŽ•‘ ‡ƒ•‹Ž› ‡š–‡†‡† –‘ ƒ’–—”‡ –Š‡ ƒ’’Ž‹Ǧ
ƒ–‹‘ †‡Žƒ› ‹ —””‡† „› –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ ‡š Šƒ‰‡ „‡–™‡‡ ˆ‘‰ ƒ–‹‘ †‡ƒ†• ‘ˆ —•‡”• ‹‡”•‡† ˜‹ƒ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– –›’‡• ‘ˆ
‘†‡• Ԥ ƒ† ԥ ȋԤ ԥ ୮ ԋ Ȍǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ „‡ ‘„–ƒ‹‡† „› †‡˜‹ ‡•ǡ •— Š ƒ• ‘˜‡–‹‘ƒŽ †‡•–‘’ ‘ϐ‹‰—”ƒ–‹‘• ‘”
‘””‡•’‘†‹‰ ‡ƒ•—”‡‡– •‘Ž—–‹‘• •— Š ƒ• –Š‡ ‘†‡” š Š‡ƒ†Ǧ‘—–‡† †‹•’Žƒ›•Ǥ ‹‡™‹•‡ǡ Ž‡– ԡ Ԥ
֏
͹͸͹ͻ ȏ͸͵ȐǤ Š‡ǡ ‹– ‹• †‡”‹˜‡† –Šƒ– ˆ‘” ƒ› ˆ‘‰ ‘†‡• †‡ϐ‹‡ –Š‡ ‡ƒ ”ƒ–‡ǡ ƒ– ™Š‹ Š †ƒ–ƒ ’ƒ ‡–•ǡ ‘–ƒ‹‹‰
ԧ Ԩ ୮ ԋ ǡ ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡ ԧ ƒ† Ԩ ƒ”‡ ‘– ƒ†Œƒ ‡– ȋԨ ୰ ᅮ Ԥ Ȍǡ –Š‡ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‡š–˜‹”–—ƒŽ • ‡‡ •–ƒ–‡—’†ƒ–‡ǡ ƒ”‡
–Š‡ –‘–ƒŽ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ †‡Žƒ› ӹ ԧ Ԩ ‹• ‡“—ƒŽ –‘ –Š‡ ‘Ǧ –”ƒ•ˆ‡””‡† –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ ‡–™‘” „‡–™‡‡ ˆ‘‰ ‘†‡ Ԥ ƒ†
ƒ–‡ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒŽŽ †‡Žƒ› ™‡‹‰Š–• ƒŽ‘‰ ƒ •Š‘”–‡•– ’ƒ–Š ȋෲ෯Ȍ ƒ ‰‹˜‡ ˆ‘‰ ”‡†‡”‡” ԥ ’‡” –‹‡ •Ž‘–Ǥ  ‘–Š‡” ™‘”†•ǡ ԡ Ԥ
֏
֎
‘‡ –‹‰ –Š‡ –™‘ ‘†‡•ǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ „‡ ‡ƒ•‹Ž› ‘„–ƒ‹‡† ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ”‡ˆ‡””‡† –‘ ƒ• –Š‡ —Ž–‹‡†‹ƒ •‡”˜‹ ‡ ”‡†‡”‹‰ †‡Ǧ
˜‹ƒ •–ƒ†ƒ”† ”‘—–‹‰ ’”‘–‘ ‘Ž• ‘” ƒŽ‰‘”‹–Š•ǡ •— Š ƒ• Dz ‹Ǧ ƒ†• ‘ˆ ˆ‘‰ ‘†‡ Ԥ ’‡” ԣǤ
Œ•–”ƒdzǤ ‹–Š‘—– ƒ› Ž‘•• ‘ˆ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹–›ǡ Ž‡– ӹ ԧ Ԩ ֏
ӹ Ԩ ԧ ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ •’‡ ‹ƒŽ ƒ•‡ ™Š‡”‡ Ԩ ԧǡ ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ ˆ‘” ˆ —Ž–‹’Ž‡ ˆ‘‰ ”‡†‡”‡”• ‡š‹•– ‹ Ӽǡ ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ ]ӻ ] ǡ‡ƒ Šˆ‘‰
֎
–Š‡•ƒ‡ˆ‘‰ ‘†‡ ԧǡ –Š‡ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ †‡Žƒ› „‡ ‘‡• ‘†‡ Ԥ ‹• •‡”˜‡† ƒ– –‹‡ •Ž‘– ԣ „› –Š‡ Ž‘•‡•– ȋ‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ –‘Ǧ
֏
ӹ ԧ Ԩ ӹ ԧ ԧ ԓ ԧ ԧ Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ Ž‡– Ԛ ֓Ӵ֔ ‡š’”‡•• –ƒŽ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ †‡Žƒ›Ȍ ”‡†‡”‡”ǡ †‡‘–‡† Š‡”‡ ƒ• ԥ ֎݂֐ ǡ
஥
֏
஥
֏
–Š‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ Š‘’• ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ –Š‡ —„‡” ‘ˆ Ԕ Ž‹•Ȍ •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹‰ ™Š‡”‡ ԥ ֎݂֐ \ԥ ੃ ӹ Ԥ ԥ ମ ӹ Ԥ ԥ ૞ԥ ୮ӻ ^Ǥ
֎
֎
֎
֎
֎
ԧ ˆ”‘ Ԩ ƒŽ‘‰ –Š‡ ෲ෯ –Šƒ– ‘‡ –• –Š‡Ǥ ‘•‡“—‡–Ž›ǡ ‰‹˜‡ ƒ ‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡† ෲ෯ „‡–™‡‡ ƒ› ˆ‘‰
֏
••—‹‰ –Šƒ– –‹‡ ‹• •Ž‘––‡† ‘˜‡” ƒ ϔ‹‹–‡ Š‘”‹œ‘ ᅽ ‘†‡ Ԥ୮ԋ ƒ† ƒ› ”‡†‡”‡” ԥ ֎ ୮ӻ ǡ –Š‡ ‡ƒ Š ԥ ֎
֎
\ w ԉ^ ƒ†ǡ –Š—•ǡ †‹˜‹†‡† ‹–‘ †‹• ”‡–‡ ƒ† ‡“—ƒŽǦ•‹œ‡† •‡”˜‡• ƒ– ԣ ƒŽŽ ‘†‡• Ԥ ˆ‘” ™Š‹ Š ԥ ֏ ֎݂֐ ԥ ƒ• †‡ϐ‹‡† ‡ƒ”Ǧ
֎
–‹‡ •Ž‘–•ǡ †‡‘–‡† ƒ• ԣ ମԣମԉ ǡŽ‡– ӻ ୦ԋ †‡ϐ‹‡ Ž‹‡”Ǥ –—ƒŽŽ›ǡ ƒ– –‹‡ •Ž‘– ԣ ƒŽŽ ‘†‡• Ԥ ƒ† –Š‡‹” ƒ••‹‰‡†
֏
֎
ƒ •—„•‡– ‘ˆ ˆ‘‰ ”‡†‡”‡”• ‹ Ӽǡ ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ ˆ‘‰ ‘†‡• Š‘•–‹‰ ƒ ”‡†‡”‡” ԥ „‡Ž‘‰ –‘ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ •—„‰”ƒ’Šǡ ™Š‹ Š ‹ –—”
֎
֏
”‡†‡”‹‰ •‡”˜‹ ‡ǡ †‡‘–‡† Š‡”‡ ƒ• Ԣǡ †—”‹‰ –Š‡ •’‡ ‹ϐ‹ ԣǤ ‹• ƒ’’‡† –‘ ƒ •Š‘”–‡•– ’ƒ–Š –”‡‡ǡ †‡‘–‡† ƒ• Ԉ ǡ ”‘‘–‡†
֑ ՘
֏
‘” –Š‡ •ƒ‡ ‘ˆ •‹’Ž‹ ‹–›ǡ ‹– ‹• ƒ••—‡† –Šƒ– ƒŽŽ ˆ‘‰ ‘†‡• ƒ– ԥ ֏ ֎݂֐ ȋ™Š‡”‡ ԥ ֎݂֐ ԥ ȌǤ ‹‰Ǥ ʹȋ Ȍ †‡’‹ –• –Š”‡‡ •— Š
֎
֏
ԥ ȋԥ୮ ԋ Ȍ ƒ ’‘–‡–‹ƒŽŽ› „‡ ‘‡ ƒ ”‡†‡”‡”Ǥ ‡– ԥ †‡Ǧ •—„‰”ƒ’Š• ‘””‡•’‘†‹‰ –‘ ƒ •‡– ӻ ‘ˆ –Š”‡‡ ˆ‘‰ ”‡†‡”Ǧ
֎
֎
‘–‡ –Š‡ ƒ•‡ ™Š‡”‡ ˆ‘‰ ‘†‡ ԥ Šƒ• ‹†‡‡† „‡ ‘‡ ƒ ˆ‘‰ ‡”• ȋ‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‘Ž‘”•Ȍ ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡ ”‡ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ
”‡†‡”‡” ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ ԥ \ԥ ୮ ӻ ૞ԣ୮ᅽ^Ǥ –Š‡ ”‡•’‡ –‹˜‡ •Š‘”–‡•– ’ƒ–Š –”‡‡• „ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡ ‘—‹Ǧ
֏
֎
֎
ƒ–‹‘ †‡Žƒ› ™‡‹‰Š–• ƒ••‹‰‡† –‘ ‡ƒ Š Ž‹Ǥ
ͶǤʹ †‡ϐ‹‹–‹‘• ‡•‹†‡•ǡ ‹– ‹• ‡˜‹†‡– ˆ”‘ ‹‰Ǥ ʹ –Šƒ– ૞Ԥ୮Ԉ ֏ –Š‡”‡ ƒŽ•‘
֑ ՘
– ‹• ‘‘ ’”ƒ –‹ ‡ ‹ ‡–™‘” –‘’‘Ž‘‰‹‡• •— Š ƒ• –Š‡ ‡š‹•–• ƒ •—„–”‡‡ Ԉ ֑ ՘ ੃֐ ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ Ԉ ֑ ՘ ੃֐ ୦Ԉ Ȍ ”‘‘–‡† ƒ– ‘†‡ ԤǤ
֏
ࣜ ֏
ࣜ ֏
֑ ՘
‘‡ ’”‡•‡–‡† ’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž› –‘ ”‡‰ƒ”† —•‡”•ǯ ‡“—‹’‡–ǡ ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡ ƒˆ‘”‡‡–‹‘‡† ƒ† –Š‡ ˆƒ – –Šƒ– ‡ƒ Š ‘†‡
Ԥ ƒ ——Žƒ–‡• •‡”˜‹ ‡ ”‡†‡”‹‰ †‡ƒ†• ˆ”‘ ƒŽŽ ‘–Š‡”
ͳ ‘–‡ǡ –Šƒ– –Š‡ ‘—†Ǧ ”‹’ ‹‡ǡ ‡ƒ•—”‡† „› ’”‘„‹‰ ’ƒ ‡– –‘‘Ž• ‘”
ࣜ ֏
’‹‰ ‡ Šƒ‹••ǡ ‘—Ž† ƒŽ•‘ „‡ —•‡† ‹ –Š‹• ‘–‡š– ™‹–Š‘—– ˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‰ ‘†‡• ‹ Ԉ ֑ ՘ ੃֐ ǡ –Š‡ –Š‡ ƒ‰‰”‡‰ƒ–‡ ”‡†‡”‹‰ †‡ƒ†• ‘ˆ
–Š‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ‘†‡ŽǤ ˆ‘‰ ‘†‡ Ԥ ƒ– –‹‡ •Ž‘– ԣ ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ ‹–• ™‘”Ž‘ƒ†Ȍ ƒ”‡ †‡‘–‡† ƒ•
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