Page 96 - ITU Journal Future and evolving technologies – Volume 2 (2021), Issue 2

ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies, Volume 2 (2021), Issue 2

–‹ŽŽǡ –Š‡ †‹• ‘˜‡”› ‘ˆ ƒ ‘’–‹ƒŽ ˆ‘‰ ”‡†‡”‹‰ •‡”˜‡” ƒ”‡ ƒŽ•‘ –Š‘”‘—‰ŠŽ› †‹• —••‡†Ǥ ”‘ ƒ ’”ƒ –‹ ƒŽ ’‘‹– ‘ˆ
’Žƒ ‡‡– ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‰‘ƒŽ ‘ˆ ‹‹‹œ‹‰ ’”‘˜‹•‹‘ ‘•– ˆ‘” ˜‹‡™ǡ –Š”‘—‰Š ‘’”‡Š‡•‹˜‡ •‹—Žƒ–‹‘• ™‹–Š •›–Š‡–‹
—Ž–‹‡†‹ƒ Ž‹‡–• ƒ† †‡’Ž‘›‡– ‘•– ˆ‘” —Ž–‹‡†‹ƒ –‘’‘Ž‘‰‹‡•ǡ ™‡ ‘ˆˆ‡” „‘–Š ‹ ”‘• ‘’‹ ƒ† ƒ ”‘• ‘’‹
’”‘˜‹†‡”•ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ƒ‹–ƒ‹‹‰ ƒ ƒ ‡’–ƒ„Ž‡ †‡‰”‡‡ ‘ˆ ‘ ‹•‹‰Š–• ”‡Žƒ–‹‰ –‘ ǯ• Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘ ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘ —†‡” †‹Ǧ
‹ –‡”• ‘ˆ †‡Žƒ› ƒ ”‘•• ƒŽŽ ˆ‘‰ ‘†‡• ƒ†ǡ –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ ˜‡”•‡ ˆ‘‰ ‡–™‘” • ‡ƒ”‹‘•Ǥ Š‡ ƒŽ‰‘”‹–Š ‹• †‡‘Ǧ
—•‡”•ǡ ‹• ‘’Ž‡šǤ ‡‡”ƒŽŽ› •’‡ƒ‹‰ǡ ‘’–‹‹œƒ–‹‘ ’”‘„Ǧ •–”ƒ–‡† –‘ „‡ ƒ’ƒ„Ž‡ ‘ˆ ˆƒ•– ‘˜‡”‰‡ ‡ ƒ† ƒ —”ƒ ›ǡ
Ž‡• Ž‹‡ –Š‘•‡ ’”‡˜‹‘—•Ž› ‡–‹‘‡† ƒ”‡ ෭෯ǦŠƒ”† ˆ‘” Ž‘•‡Ž› ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡ ‘’–‹ƒŽ •‘Ž—–‹‘ ‹ ƒ • ƒŽƒ„Ž‡
‰‡‡”ƒŽ ‰”ƒ’Š• ȋ‡˜‡ ™Š‡ –Š‡ •‡”˜‹ ‡ ‘•– ‹• ‘•‹†Ǧ ƒ‡” ȋ‡˜‡ ™Š‡ Šƒ‰‡• –‘ –Š‡ ‡–™‘” ‘†‹–‹‘•
‡”‡† –‘ „‡ –Š‡ — Ž‹†‡ƒ †‹•–ƒ ‡ ˆ”‘ ƒ ‘†‡ –‘ –Š‡ †‘ ‘ —”Ȍǡ ƒ† ƒŽ™ƒ›• ƒ„‹†‹‰ „› –Š‡ ‰‹˜‡ ‘•–”ƒ‹–•Ǥ
‡ƒ”‡•– •‡”˜‹ ‡ Š‘•– ȏͳͻȐȌǡ ”‡“—‹”‹‰ ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ ‘ˆ ‘ ˆ—”–Š‡” ‹ ”‡ƒ•‡ ˜ƒŽ‹†‹–›ǡ ™‡ ƒŽ•‘ ’”‡•‡– –”ƒ ‡Ǧ†”‹˜‡
–Š‡ ‡–™‘” –‘’‘Ž‘‰› ƒ† ‰‡‡”ƒ–‡† †‡ƒ† ™‘”Ž‘ƒ†Ǥ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‘• ™‹–Š ”‡ƒŽǦ™‘”Ž† –‘’‘Ž‘‰› †ƒ–ƒǡ ™Š‡”‡ ™‡ ‡šǦ
 ˆƒ –ǡ –Š‡› ƒ „‡ •–”ƒ‹‰Š–ˆ‘”™ƒ”†Ž› ”‡†— ‡† –‘ ™‡ŽŽǦ –‡•‹˜‡Ž› ‘’ƒ”‡ ƒ‰ƒ‹•– •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‡š‹•–‹‰ ƒŽ–‡”ƒǦ
•–—†‹‡† ƒ ‹Ž‹–› ‘ ƒ–‹‘ ”‘„Ž‡• ȋ Ȍ ȏʹͲȐǤ ‹˜‡ –Šƒ– –‹˜‡• ƒ† ’”‘˜‡ ‹–• •—’‡”‹‘”‹–› ‹ ’”‘†— ‹‰ ‡ƒ”Ǧ‘’–‹ƒŽ
Ž‘—†Ȁˆ‘‰ —Ž–‹‡†‹ƒ •›•–‡• ƒ”‡ ‹Š‡”‡–Ž› ‡š–”‡‡Ž› ’Žƒ ‡‡–• –‘ –Š‡ Ǧ ǡ –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ‘’ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡ ‘Ž› –‘
†›ƒ‹ ȏͳͶȐǡ –Š‡ ‡–”ƒŽ‹œ‡† •‘Ž—–‹‘•ǡ ™Š‡”‡ ƒ •—’‡”Ǧ –Š‡ ‘‡• ’”‘†— ‡† „› –Š‡ ’—”‡Ž› ‡–”ƒŽ‹œ‡† ‰”‡‡†› ƒ’Ǧ
‡–‹–› ™‹–Š ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ •‘Ž˜‡• –Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡ ‹ ‘‡ ’”‘ƒ Š ™Š‹ Š ‡’Ž‘›• ‡šŠƒ—•–‹˜‡ •‡ƒ” Š‡•Ǥ
‹–‡”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ”‡ †‡‡‡† —• ƒŽƒ„Ž‡ ƒ† —•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‘” ”‡ƒŽǦ Š‡ ”‡ƒ‹†‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’ƒ’‡” ‹• ‘”‰ƒ‹œ‡† ƒ• ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•Ǥ ‡ Ǧ
™‘”Ž†ǡ Žƒ”‰‡Ǧ• ƒŽ‡ —Ž–‹‡†‹ƒ ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘• †—‡ –‘ –Š‡ ‡šǦ –‹‘ ʹ ’”‘˜‹†‡• –Š‡ ‡ ‡••ƒ”› Ž‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ „ƒ ‰”‘—† ‘
‡‡†‹‰Ž› Š‹‰Š ‘•– ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‘–‹—‘—• ”‡ ‘’—–ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ •‡”˜‹ ‡ Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘ǡ ™Š‹Ž‡ ‡ –‹‘ ͵ ‘—–Ž‹‡• –Š‡ ‘•‹†‡”‡†
–Š‡ ‘’–‹ƒŽ •‘Ž—–‹‘• ™Š‡ Šƒ‰‡• †‘ ‘ —”Ǥ •›•–‡ ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡ ˆ‘” –Š‡ ”‡ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ Ž‘—†Ȁˆ‘‰ —Ž–‹Ǧ
Šƒ– „‡‹‰ •‘ǡ ‹ –Š‡ —””‡– ™‘” ™‡ ˆ‘ —• ‘ •‘Ž˜‹‰ –Š‡ ‡†‹ƒ ‹‡”•‹˜‡ ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘•Ǥ ‡ –‹‘ Ͷ ‹ Ž—†‡• –Š‡ ˆ‘‰
ƒˆ‘”‡‡–‹‘‡† ‹ ƒ †‹•–”‹„—–‡† ƒ‡”ǡ „ƒ•‡† •‘Ž‡Ž› ‡–™‘”ǯ• †‡• ”‹’–‹‘ ƒ† †‡ϐ‹‹–‹‘•ǡ ™Š‡”‡ƒ• ‡ –‹‘ ͷ
‘ Ž‘ ƒŽ ‡–™‘” ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡–‘‡ƒ Šˆ‘‰”‡Ǧ ‘†‡Ž• –Š‡ Ǧ ’Žƒ ‡‡– ’”‘„Ž‡ ƒ• ƒ ‘•–”ƒ‹‡†
†‡”‡”ǡ ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ –Š‡ ”‡†‡”‹‰ †‡ƒ†• ˆ‘”™ƒ”†‡† „› ˆ‘‰ Ǥ ‡ –‹‘ ͸ ‘ˆˆ‡”• –Š‡ –Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘ ƒƒŽ›•‹•ǡ ƒ†
‘†‡• ‹ –Š‡‹” ‹‡†‹ƒ–‡ ‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘† ȋ‘‡ǦŠ‘’ ƒ™ƒ›ȌǤ ‡ –‹‘ ͹ •Š‡†• Ž‹‰Š– ‘ –Š‡ ’”‘’‘•‡† –Šƒ– ƒ’‹Ǧ
‡ ƒ••—‡ –Šƒ– •— Š Ž‘ ƒŽ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‹• –”‹˜‹ƒŽ –‘ ƒ “—‹”‡ –ƒŽ‹œ‡• ‘ –Š‡ ƒƒŽ›–‹ ƒŽ ϐ‹†‹‰•Ǥ ‡ –‹‘ ͺ •Š‘™ ƒ•‡•
•‹ ‡ ‹– ƒ „‡ ‡ƒ•‹Ž› ‘ŽŽ‡ –‡† —–‹Ž‹œ‹‰ •–ƒ†ƒ”† ‘‹Ǧ –Š‡ ‘†— –‡† •‹—Žƒ–‹‘• ƒ† ”‡•—Ž–•ǡ ƒ† ‡ –‹‘ ͻ ‡Ǧ
–‘”‹‰ –‘‘Ž• ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ‹––‡”Ȍǡ “—‡”‹‡•ǡ ”‘—–‹‰ –ƒ„Ž‡•ǡ ‘” Ž‘•‡• –Š‡ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹˜‡ –”ƒ ‡Ǧ†”‹˜‡ ‘’ƒ”‹•‘• ™‹–Š ’ƒ•–
‡˜‡ „‡ •Šƒ”‡† „› –Š‡ ‘†‡• —•‹‰ —Ž–‹ ƒ•–ǡ ƒ ‘–”‘Ž ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•Ǥ ‹ƒŽŽ›ǡ ‡ –‹‘ ͳͲ ‘ Ž—†‡• –Š‡ ’ƒ’‡” ƒ†
‡••ƒ‰‡ ‡š Šƒ‰‡ ‡ Šƒ‹•ǡ ‘” ‘–Š‡” ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘ †”ƒ™• –Š‡ Ž‹‡ ˆ‘” ˆ—–—”‡ ”‡•‡ƒ” ŠǤ ŽŽ Ž‡ƒ ƒ† –Š‡‘”‡
’”‘–‘ ‘Ž• ™‹–Š ‹‹ƒŽ ‘˜‡”Š‡ƒ† ȏʹͳȐǤ › †‘‹‰ •‘ǡ †‹ˆˆ‡”Ǧ ’”‘‘ˆ• ƒ”‡ ˆ‘—† ‹ –Š‡ •—’’Ž‡‡–ƒ”› ’’‡†‹š Ǥ
‡– ˆ”‘ ‡–”ƒŽ‹œ‡† •‘Ž—–‹‘•ǡ ™‡ ƒŽŽ‘™ ‡ƒ Š ”‡†‡”‹‰
•‡”˜‹ ‡ –‘ ”‡Ž‘ ƒ–‡ –‘™ƒ”†• ‹–• ‘’–‹ƒŽ Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ƒ ˆ‡™ ʹǤ
–‹‡ •Ž‘–• „ƒ•‡† •‘Ž‡Ž› ‘ Ž‘ ƒŽ‹œ‡† –‘’‘Ž‘‰› ‘™Ž‡†‰‡ǡ
„› •‘Ž˜‹‰ ’‡” –‹‡ •Ž‘– ƒ •ƒŽŽǦ• ƒŽ‡ ‹•–ƒ ‡ ƒ ”‘•• Š‡ –—” –‘™ƒ”†• Ž‘—†‹ϐ‹ ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ˜‹”–—ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ”‡Ǧ
‹–• ‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘† ‘•‹†‡”‹‰ –Š‡ †‡ƒ† ϐŽ‘™• ƒ† ’‡”Ǧ •‘—” ‡• ƒ† •‡”˜‹ ‡• Šƒ• •’”—‰ —‡”‘—• ™‘”• –Šƒ–
‡‹˜‡† †‡Žƒ›• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‘‰ ‘†‡• ™‹–Š‹Ǥ ƒ”‡ –Š‡ •—„Œ‡ – ‘ˆ ˆ”‘–‹‡” ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ‹ –Š‡ †‹”‡ –‹‘ ‘ˆ •‡”Ǧ
—” ‘–”‹„—–‹‘• ƒ”‡ „‘–Š ‘ –Š‡ –Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ ƒ† ’”ƒ Ǧ ˜‹ ‡ ’Žƒ ‡‡– ‹ –Š‡ ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ‡ ‘•›•–‡ ‘ˆ Ž‘—†Ǧ‡ƒ„Ž‡†
–‹ ƒŽ ˆ”‘–Ǥ ”‘ ƒ –Š‡‘”‡–‹ ƒŽ ’‘‹– ‘ˆ ˜‹‡™ǡ ™‡ ‹‹–‹ƒŽŽ› ‘–‡– ‡Ž‹˜‡”› ‡–™‘”• ȋ •Ȍ ȏʹʹȐǤ ‘•– ‘ˆ –Š‡•‡
ˆ‘”—Žƒ–‡ –Š‡ ’”‘„Ž‡ ƒ• ƒ ‘•–”ƒ‹‡†  ƒ’ƒ ‹–ƒ–‡† ƒǦ ˆ‘ —• ’—”‡Ž› ‘ –Š‡ Ž‘—† •‹†‡ǡ ƒ––‡’–‹‰ –‘ ‘’–‹ƒŽŽ›
‹Ž‹–› ‘ ƒ–‹‘ ȋ Ȍ ’”‘„Ž‡ ‘˜‡” ƒ ϐ‹‹–‡ –‹‡ Š‘”‹œ‘ǡ Ž‘ ƒ–‡ ‹”–—ƒŽ ƒ Š‹‡• ȋ •Ȍǡ ”‡•’‘•‹„Ž‡ ˆ‘” ”—‹‰
™Š‹ Š ˆ‘” ‘˜‡‹‡ ‡ Š‡”‡ƒˆ–‡” ™‡ •—‹–ƒ„Ž› ”‡ˆ‡” –‘ ƒ• –Š‡ •‡”˜‹ ‡•ǡ ƒ– –Š‡ ‘•– ˆƒ˜‘”ƒ„Ž‡ Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘• ‹ –Š‡ Ž‘—†
–Š‡ Dz ƒ–‡ › ‘—†‡†  ƒ’ƒ ‹–ƒ–‡† ‘‰ ‡†‡”‡” ‘ ƒǦ †ƒ–ƒ ‡–‡”• –Šƒ– ‘’–‹‹œ‡ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ‘†‹–‹‘•ǡ •— Š ƒ•
–‹‘dz ȋ Ǧ Ȍ ’”‘„Ž‡Ǥ ‡ –Š‡ ƒ–Š‡ƒ–‹ ƒŽŽ› ƒƒǦ ‡‡”‰› ‘•—’–‹‘ ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ȏʹ͵ȐȌǡ „ƒ†™‹†–Š —–‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘
Ž›œ‡ –Š‡ ™‘”•–Ǧ ƒ•‡ ‘†‹–‹‘• —†‡” ™Š‹ Šǡ †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ȏʹͶȐȌǡ –”ƒˆϐ‹ Ž‘ƒ† ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ȏʹͷȐȌǡ ”‡Ž‹ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥǡ ȏʹ͸ȐȌǡ
ƒˆ–‡”ƒ–Š ‘ˆ ƒ ‹‹–‹ƒŽ ƒ”„‹–”ƒ”› ’Žƒ ‡‡–ǡ ƒ ”‡†‡”‹‰ ‡– Ǥ ‘” ƒ ‘’Ž‡–‡ •—”˜‡›ǡ –Š‡ ”‡ƒ†‡” ƒ› ‘•—Ž– –Š‡
•‡”˜‹ ‡ ”‡Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘ ȋ‡‹–Š‡” „‡‹‰ ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ”‡’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‘” ”‡ ‡– ™‘” ‹ ȏʹ͹Ȑǡ ™Š‡”‡ ƒ› ™‘”• †”‹˜‡ „› •’‡Ǧ
‘•‘Ž‹†ƒ–‹‘Ȍǡ –Šƒ– ‹• „ƒ•‡† ‡š’Ž‹ ‹–Ž› ‘ Ž‘ ƒŽ‹œ‡† ‘™ŽǦ ‹ϐ‹ —•‡ ’”‡ˆ‡”‡ ‡• †‡’‡†‹‰ ‘ –Š‡ ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‡˜‹Ǧ
‡†‰‡ǡ ’‘•‡• ƒ ’‘•‹–‹˜‡ ‹’ƒ – ‘ –‘–ƒŽ ‘•– ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥǡ –Š‡ •— ”‘‡– ƒ”‡ ‡Ž‹•–‡†Ǥ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‡‡”‰‡ ‡ ‘ˆ
‘ˆ •‡”˜‹ ‡ ’”‘˜‹•‹‘ ƒ† †‡’Ž‘›‡– ‘•–Ȍ ”‡†— –‹‘ ƒˆǦ ‘‰ ƒ† †‰‡ǡ ‘” ‡˜‡ –Š‡ –‡”‡– ‘ˆ Š‹‰• ȋ ‘ Ȍǡ –Š‡ ˆ‘Ǧ
–‡” ‹–• ‘ —””‡ ‡Ǥ ‡ ƒŽ•‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡ ƒ Ž‡ƒ” ‡–Š‘†‘ŽǦ —• ‹• ‰”ƒ†—ƒŽŽ› •Š‹ˆ–‡† –‘™ƒ”† –Š‡ ‘—–•‹”–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡–Ǧ
‘‰› –Šƒ– ‡•—”‡• †—”‹‰ –Š‡ ‡† ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’Žƒ ‡‡– ’”‘ ‡•• ™‘”Ǥ Š—•ǡ ‡™ ”‡•‡ƒ” Š ƒ‹ˆ‡•–• –Šƒ– ƒ††”‡••‡• –Š‡
‘ ˜‹‘Žƒ–‹‘ ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰ ‘—” Žƒ–‡ › „‘—†• ™‹ŽŽ ƒ‹ˆ‡•–Ǥ ’”‘„Ž‡ ƒ– ƒ Ž‘™‡” Ž‡˜‡Žǡ ‡ƒ” –Š‡ ‡† —•‡”• ȏʹͺȐǤ
ƒ•‡† ‘ –Š‡ ƒƒŽ›•‹• ’”‘˜‹†‡†ǡ ™‡ ‰‘ ƒ •–‡’ ˆ—”–Š‡” „› — Š ’”‘„Ž‡• ƒ”‡ –›’‹ ƒŽŽ› –ƒ Ž‡† ƒ• ƒ ‹•–ƒ ‡ ‘ˆ ™‡ŽŽǦ
’”‘’‘•‹‰ ƒ ‘˜‡Ž †‹•–”‹„—–‡† ƒŽ‰‘”‹–Š –‘ ƒ††”‡•• –Š‡ •–—†‹‡† • ȏʹͲȐǡ ™Š‹ Š ƒ”‡ Šƒ”ƒ –‡”‹œ‡† „› Š‹‰Š ‘Ǧ
Ǧ ǡ ƒ‡Ž› –Š‡ Dz —–‘‘‘—• ‡†‡”‡” Žƒ ‡‡– ’Ž‡š‹–› ȋ෭෯ǦŠƒ”† ˆ‘” ‰‡‡”ƒŽ ‰”ƒ’Š•ȌǤ ‡•’‹–‡ –Š‡ ‘Ǧ
Ž‰‘”‹–Šdz ȋ ȌǤ Š‡ ǯ• ”‡Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘ ”—Ž‡•ǡ –‹‡ ‰‘‹‰ ‡ˆˆ‘”–•ǡ ‡–”ƒŽ‹œ‡† ƒ’’”‘ƒ Š‡•ǡ •— Š ƒ• ‰”‡‡†› ƒŽǦ
‘’Ž‡š‹–›ǡ ‘˜‡”‰‡ ‡ ƒ† ƒ’’”‘š‹ƒ–‹‘ ’”‘’‡”–‹‡• ‰‘”‹–Š• ȏʹͻǡ ͵ͲȐǡ ƒ”‡ ‘– ƒŽ™ƒ›• ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ„Ž‡ –‘ –Š‡ ‡šǦ

82 © International Telecommunication Union, 2021