Page 137 - Trust in ICT 2017

Trust in ICT 2

Electronic journals on science and technology

In academic publishing, a scientific journal is a periodical publication intended to further the progress
of science, usually by reporting new researches. There are thousands of scientific journals in publication.
Most journals are highly specialized and have been peer reviewed to ensure that articles meet the journal's
standards of quality and scientific validity across a wide range of scientific fields. The publications of scientific
research are an essential part of the scientific method. If they describe experiments or calculations, they
should supply enough details that an independent researcher could repeat the experiments or calculations
to verify their results. Such an article in a journal becomes part of the permanent scientific records.
Articles in scientific journals can be used in research and higher education. Scientific articles allow researchers
to keep up to date with the developments of their research field. An essential part of a scientific article is the
citation of earlier works. The impact of articles and journals is often assessed by counting citations. Some
studies are partially devoted to the explication of classic articles. The seminar by each researcher may consist
of the presentation of classic or current papers. Schoolbooks and textbooks have been written usually only
on established topics while the latest researches and more obscure topics are only accessible through
scientific articles. In scientific research groups or academic departments, the standards that a journal uses to
determine publication can vary widely. In many fields, an informal hierarchy of scientific journals exists; the
most prestigious journal in a field tends to be the most selective in terms of the articles that it will select for
publication.

Electronic publishing is a new area of information dissemination. In an electronic (non-paper) form, scholarly
scientific results are written or created for publication or dissemination. The electronic journal is specifically
designed to be presented on the website. The electronic journal will exist alongside the paper version
because the latter is not expected to disappear in the future. The output on a screen is important for browsing
and searching. Many journals are electronically available in formats readable on the screen via the web
browsers. Electronic publishing of scientific journals is not costly, is accessible to many people, and is doable
due to the availability of supplementary materials (data, graphics, and video).
There is usually a delay of several months after an article is written before it is published in a journal. Paper
journals are not an ideal format for announcing the latest researches. Many journals now publish the final
papers in their electronic version as soon as they are ready, without waiting for the assembly of a complete
issue, as is necessary with a paper publication. In many fields in which even greater speed is wanted, the role
of the journal in disseminating the latest researches has largely been replaced by electronic databases. An
increasing number of electronic journals are available as open access. Individual articles from electronic
journals may be found online and stored either in personal or community archives, or posted on websites as
blogs.

Meaning of social connectivity
In the ICT world, connectivity is the ability to make a connection between two or more interfaces in a
telecommunication system. Many terminals including machines, appliances, and facilities are used to
connect and exchange information with each other. Internet connection may be available to access from
home, school, and workplace as well as public places such as libraries and Internet cafes. Coffee shops,
shopping malls, and other venues increasingly offer wireless Internet connection. A whole campus or an
entire city can be enabled to build a wireless community. There is a gap between people with effective
connectivity and those with very limited or no connection, which is one of the digital divide.

In human life, connectivity has changed the way in which many people think, and it also allows them to take
advantage of the "political, social, economic, educational, and career opportunities". A social structure
composed of individuals, business partners, friends or other organizations is connected by utilizing social
media technologies. Human connection is dependent on the intelligence that one brings into it. It influences
thought and action, whether to do good or bad things. The needs for human connection can be perceived as
physical, spiritual or emotional interactions with others. Humans are supposed to be more responsible and
arguably more intelligent. José van Dijck contends in her book "The Culture of Connectivity" (2013) [26] that
to understand the full weight of social media, their technological dimensions should be connected to the
social domain and the cultural domain. She critically describes six social media platforms:

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