Page 135 - Trust in ICT 2017

Trust in ICT 2

cyber physical system, all the functions and processes of the physical system could not be mapped to the
cyber system. In addition, the physical world is not entirely predictable. Within a certain reliability and
predictability, the cyber physical system can be operating in a controlled environment. It should be robust to
unexpected conditions and adaptable to system failures. The software in the cyber world should be
predictable and reliable in the contexts of the cyber physical system since small deviations of expected
operations may cause catastrophic failures. It is important to determine whether the system has performed
correctly. The certain mechanism of the cyber physical system should be developed to compensate for the
loss of predictability and reliability.

Second, an abstraction of objects and tasks is well defined to hide the detailed physical implementations
from the cyber world. The real-time operating system in the cyber system should be hidden from the details
of the concurrent operations of the physical systems. Timing in the physical implementation should be
tolerant in the software operation of the cyber system. Since the cyber physical system is presumably
concurrent, the physical processes coupled with the computing system are also concurrent. They have to
control multiple sensors and actuators concurrently.
Third, there are security risks in the distributed applications of the cyber physical system. The proper security
technologies should effectively be exploited to improve robustness in the distributed cyber physical system.
For example, the distributed denial of service attacks bring about some difficulties in the realization of the
cyber physical system. Therefore, the outstanding technical issues should be solved to apply the concepts of
the cyber physical system to the real business market.

5 Vision and technology trends of social media

5.1 New trends of social media

Definition of social media

Wikipedia defines social media as the computer-mediated tools that allow people to create, share or
exchange information, ideas, and pictures/videos in virtual communities [24]. Social media is defined as
"Internet-based applications that allows the creation and exchange of user-generated contents." In another
definition, social media has been broadly defined to refer to "the many relatively inexpensive and widely
accessible electronic tools that enable anyone to publish and access information, collaborate on a common
effort, or build relationships" [25]. Furthermore, social media depends on mobile and web-based
technologies to create highly interactive platforms through which individuals and communities share, co-
create, discuss, and modify user-generated contents.

The rise of social media has fostered an unprecedented expansion of networks along two axes: the horizontal
axis is the transmission speed and the vertical axis is the number of connections. People can communicate
more and more and, above all, more and more rapidly. Interactivity is another characteristics of this new
digital media. Social media introduces substantial and pervasive changes of communication between
organizations, communities, and individuals. Social media differs from traditional or industrial media in many
ways including quality, reach, frequency, usability, immediacy and permanence. This is in contrast to
traditional media that operates under a single transmission model (one source-to-many receivers).
Social networking services and new ecosystem

A social networking service (also social networking site or (SNS)) is a platform to build social
networks or social relations among people who share similar interests, activities, backgrounds or real-life
connections. By using the web technology, social network services provide means for users to interact over
the Internet, such as e-mails, instant messaging, photo/video sharing, and blogging, etc. Social networking
services allow users to share ideas, pictures, posts, activities, events, and interests with people in their
network.

Social networking technologies take on many different forms including blogs, business networks, enterprise
social networks, forums, microblogs, photo sharing, product/service reviews, social bookmarking, social
gaming, and video sharing, etc. There are many social networking services such as Facebook, Twitter, or

127