Page 134 - Trust in ICT 2017

2 Trust in ICT

– Business agility with rapid service deployment;

– Reliability of service with high availability;
– High support of third-party business.
From the user's perspectives, the cloud computing platform provides some benefits as follows:
– Optimized and rapid provisioning: Optimal application software for each business process;
– Anywhere application with any device: Connect online with any device, not only via the desktop
but also via a mobile device;
– Pay-per-use pricing: Pay-as-you-go model similar to the subscription-based pricing;
– Low migration costs: Easy to switch to a competing solution by signing a new contract, transferring
data, and retraining users;
– Secure important data: Easy back-up and storage of important data in multiple sites.

Impacts of Internet of things technologies

With the development of Internet of things and sensor networks, various types of data are being produced
from sensors. In people's life and environments, more and more sensors are expected to detect location,
measure temperature and air pressure, and record communication log. In the home, there are smart
household appliances with sensors that can collect status about these appliances. They can extract status or
presence information from raw data of IoT sensors. This represents some facts or context information about
users and recognizes the environment which extends the ability of people's perception. This context
information can be organized as the basis of effective reasoning. Users may upload a part of their perceived
knowledge to the cloud environment in a certain form of rules. When Internet of things technologies are
organized in the cloud computing system, the reasoning and perception processes are running and they
invoke some actions for users. Moreover, the cloud provides composed web services which are connected
to users and IoT sensors together.

Evolution of cyber physical systems
A cyber physical system (CPS) is a system of collaborating computational elements controlling physical
entities which is bridging the physical world to the cyber world. The concept of cyber physical systems can
be applied in diverse areas such as aerospace, automotive, chemical processes, civil infrastructure, energy,
healthcare, manufacturing, transportation, entertainment, and consumer appliances, etc. In the CPS
environments, the functions and processes of the physical elements are mapped to objects or tasks in the
cyber domain. With the evolutions of Internet of things (IoT) and machine-to-machine (M2M) technologies,
the sensor networks link between computational objects and physical elements. The intelligent IoT/M2M
technologies can dramatically increase adaptability, autonomy, efficiency, functionality, reliability, safety,
and usability of cyber physical systems. The applications of the cyber physical system, for example, include:
– the medical systems with high confidence, assistance to patients and disabled people;
– the advanced automotive systems with intelligent traffic control and safety;
– the manufacturing and robot systems with intelligent process control;

– the smart grid with energy balance of supply and demand;
– the ubiquitous city with environmental control; and
– the water resources and defence systems with infrastructure control, etc.
However, the cyber physical systems will be more deterministic, predictable, and understandable with the
help of IoT/M2M technologies as well as information and communication technologies. The physical world is
highly concurrent with cyber objects, which is the abstractions of software. The predictable concurrent
computation is possible to satisfy performance and integrity of the system.

To realize the cyber physical system as described above, top-down solutions can complement the existing
bottom-up approaches. However, there remain many challenges and opportunities in developing the
immature technologies of the cyber physical system. Technically, for the first phase of the evolution of the

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