Highlights November 2022
28 November - 2 December
Cybersecurity: Asia and the Pacific
On 29 November, ITU together with UNICEF organized the 11th meeting of the Asia-Pacific Technical Working Group (TWG) on “Digital Transformation in Education and Learning”, in partnership with UNESCO, UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), International Labour Organization (ILO), Global System for Mobile Communications (GSMA), World Bank (WB), Asian Development Bank (ADB), and EdTech Hub. ITU presented the Child Online Protection activities, including the coming ITU-Pakistan Digital Inclusion Week on 12-13 December, as well as the national Child Online Protection (COP) assessment key findings in Bhutan, Mongolia, Thailand, Pakistan and Cambodia.
Cybersecurity: Global
On 1 December, as part of the ITU-NCA global program on Child Online Protection, ITU joined an expert roundtable discussion at the Global Child Forum, hosted by the King and Queen of Sweden in Stockholm. Opportunities and responsibilities of the private sector in protecting and empowering children online and defining ways of collaborative action were among the topics of discussion.
Digital inclusion: Americas
The 9th edition of Accessible Americas: ICTs for ALL was carried out in Brasilia, Brazil, from 16 to 18 November. The main objective of this event was to support ITU members and stakeholders in their efforts to implement the overarching goal of digital inclusion of all people regardless of their age, gender, ability, or location, thus ensuring that no one is left behind. Representatives from more than ten countries participated.
Digital inclusion: Africa
On 10 and 11 November in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and in the framework of the EIF Project “Tech as a driver of women’s economic opportunity”, ITU delivered a two-day capacity building workshop for public officials from Ethiopia on mainstreaming gender in national ICT policies. Officials from the Ministry of Innovation and Technology, Ministry of Trade and Regional Integration and other government institutions participated in the workshop, shared information on the status quo of gender mainstreaming in national policies, experiences and lessons learned, and identified opportunities to work together towards an institutionalized coordination mechanism around gender in digital policies to connect key government institutions.
Digital services and applications: Asia and the Pacific
A Digital Skills and Financial Literacy Training was conducted in the East Sepik Province of Papua New Guinea on 24 and 25 November as part of the e-agriculture and financial inclusion components of the ITU EU STREIT PNG (Support to Rural Entrepreneurship, Investment and Trade in Papua New Guinea) Programme. The event aimed to build the capacities of selected stakeholders, primarily teachers of Maprik Secondary School and lead farmers, as future Trainers or “Coaches” in digital agriculture and financial inclusion.
In addition, the E-Agriculture Strategy for East Sepik with focus on Cocoa, Vanilla and Fisheries 2022-2025 was approved by the East Sepik Provincial Administration, who will support the implementation of the action plan and rollout of ICT solutions to the designated locations.
Emergency telecommunications: Global
The BDT emergency telecommunications team met with GSMA, International Federation of Red Cross (IFRC), and Risk-Informed Early Action Partnership (REAP) on 23 November to discuss the next steps on the Emergency Warning Systems for All (EWS) initiative’s Plan of Action, launched during COP27. The Plan of Action provides concrete actions and goals on how to ensure that every person on Earth is protected by an early warning system by 2027. ITU is leading the effort on the warning dissemination and communication pillar in the initiative and is highlighting the new opportunities brought by ICT growth to reach people at risk, especially on the use of mobile networks for alerting via cell broadcast.
Emergency telecommunications: Global
The BDT emergency telecommunications team met with World Food Program’s Emergency Telecommunications Cluster (ETC) to discuss the important areas in emergency preparedness and response that ITU and ETC can work more closely on. These included joint efforts to deploy satellite equipment in response to disasters, the Disaster Connectivity Maps (DCM), as well as trainings and deployments of the ITU Emergency telecommunication Roster.
Environment: Global
The ITU Environment team attended the 2nd week of COP27 in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt. ITU had an exhibit on “Turning digital innovation into climate action” which showcased Environment and Emergency Telecommunications Division (EET) and Broadband Commission work. In addition, BDT organized and delivered One UN Climate Change Learning Partnership (UN:CC Learn) ‘Climate Classrooms’ which introduced attendees to climate change topics related to e-waste and greening digital transformation. BDT was also invited as a panelist at the Ministry of Communications and Information Technology of Egypt pavilion event on the “Management of e-waste as a source of urban mining within the concept of circular economy (refurbish, reuse and recycle)”. BDT also conducted a series of interviews with COP27 participants (including from Microsoft and MIT) to produce a video focused on the role of digital technologies in climate monitoring, mitigation or adaptation for ITU social media.
Environment: Global
The World Bank visited the ITU Environment team in Geneva to discuss areas of joint work on Greening Digital Transformation and the next edition of the Global E-waste Monitor. Agreement was made to move forward in developing a joint project, to begin in 2023, covering two key components: i) supporting countries to monitor and track ICT sector greenhouse gas emissions and energy use by collecting data, developing a publicly available database and providing technical support; and ii) supporting countries in developing green ICT strategies and policies which will consist of mapping the status of green ICT policies globally and publishing the results and developing a technical assistance programme. The team is also exploring options for the World Bank to partly fund the Global E-waste Monitor.
Giga: Europe
The Giga Team met in Barcelona, Spain, from 28 November to 2 December. During the week, specialized Giga staff gathered from all over the globe to explore the Giga strategy, learn about the work being done by the sub-teams, and continue co-creating the future of Giga.
The Giga team also met partners and collaborators who showcased products and innovations that will enable Giga to map and connect all schools in the world. Senior officials from the Government of Spain, the Catalonia Regional Government, and the City of Barcelona, along with public and private partners from tech companies such as Cisco, Ericsson and HIS Towers, engaged with the team. The team also participated in the Barcelona Conference for Digital Inclusion: Bridging Gaps for a Just Digital Transition, which was organized in collaboration with the Barcelona City Council, Mobile World Capital Barcelona, and Cities Coalition for Digital Rights, which brought together a variety of voices working on digital inclusion at different levels to discuss how to move towards a people-centred digital transition.
21- 25 November
Cybersecurity: Africa
On 11 November, 50 students from the Menelik public high school in Addis Ababa between 13 and 20 years of age attended a training on online safety for children and youth. They learned how to protect themselves and others online, how to stand up for their rights online and how to fully benefit from the opportunities of the online environment. On 12 November, ITU delivered the first ever Training of Trainers (ToT) on Child Online Protection to educators from the Menelik public high school in Addis Ababa. Over 40 educators from a range of subjects, including IT, history, geography, math, English, social science, economy and business, as well as the school’s counsellor participated the training, which allowed participants to discuss and learn through experiences and numerous activities.
Cybersecurity
Ethiopia and Chad recently joined the Cyber for Good project and will start benefiting from the BitSight monitoring platform in the coming weeks.
The project was presented to representatives from the Democratic Republic of Congo who expressed interest in the project. The Cyber for Good project is an ITU Membership driven effort to help bridge the cybersecurity gap in the Least Developed Countries (LDCs). ITU-D Membership, under the umbrella of this project, provides in-kind support in the form of training, tools, and services to support LDCs enhance their cybersecurity capacity, at no cost.
For more information about the project and offers, please visit http://www.itu.int/go/cyberforgood.
Cybersecurity: Global
ITU joined the 18th EFDN (European Football for Development) Conference in Budapest, Hungary to present key recommendations for sport organizations on how to protect and empower children online in sport.
Digital services and applications: Europe
At the GovTech Summit in The Hague on 1 November, GovStack hosted a session with digital leaders from around the world to showcase real-world digital services. The session served as a continuation of GovStack’s year-long knowledge-sharing program, the CIO Digital Leaders Forum.
Speakers from the Government of Yucatan, Mexico, and the Government of Jalisco, Mexico, discussed the opportunities and challenges in their service design, which are based on the real-estate Visor Urbano service (Bloomberg Philanthropies), and city use, respectively. Visor Urbano is a Digital Public Good developed by the Government of Guadalajara and used by more than 30 other municipalities in Jalisco today.
Digital services and applications: Global
GovStack joined the WSIS Forum 2023 Digital GovHack to provide mentorship to the innovation community and global champions on modernizing the public sector using the GovStack Implementation Playbook as a reference guide on developing user-centric, interoperable, and cost-efficient public services.
The recording of the High-Level Dialogue with Experts is available here.
Digital services and applications: Global
The WSIS Special Category Prize for GovStack Best Digital Service Design opened an international call for nominations. The Prize spotlights innovative and impactful digital government service designs that address citizen needs and are based on a building block approach. It emphasizes improving, innovating, and developing seamless government services designed for scalability. Nominations are open to all levels of government. Submissions will be accepted from 1 November to 5 January and reviewed from 8 January to 15 February. The prize winner will be announced during the High-Level track, 13-17 March.
The application form is available here: https://lnkd.in/egxwWZAd
Digital services and applications: Arab States
GovStack held a kick-off event in Egypt, aiming to support the institutional and capacity preconditions needed for a citizen-oriented, innovative and digitally transformed public administration. The event was attended by representatives from Germany, Estonia, and ITU, and international experiences were shared by Ireland, Estonia, and Mexico.
The GovStack approach will be implemented in Egypt within the framework of the Egyptian-German bilateral development cooperation. The ¨SuperMoM App¨, which provides a series of services to women with children, is the digital service selected as reference for implementation.
Digital services and applications: Asia and the Pacific
At the invitation of the Asia-Pacific Telecommunity (APT) Programme Coordinator, the ITU Regional Office for Asia-Pacific moderated a session on “Applications of Digital Transformation: Smart City, Smart Transportation, AI, and Best Practices for using Data and the latest ICTs” on 24 November during the virtual 19th APT Telecommunication/ICT Development Forum (ADF-19).
Digital services and applications: Global
GovStack has released a blog post about Visor Urbano, which was featured during the initiative’s Demo Day at the GovTech Summit. The digital government service exemplifies many of the principles of digital services that GovStack is seeking to promote. It originates from Guadalajara, the capital of Jalisco State in Mexico. As a public online platform for city land-use management, Visor Urbano maps business names, plans, and payments and allows the digital processing of construction permits and business licenses for residents to open a shop or construct a building.
Giga: Africa
ITU participated in the 18th Organization Internationale de la Francophonie Summit in D’Jerba, Tunisia, on 19-20 November.
As part of International Geneva, Giga joined the Swiss Government in support of this year’s theme: "Connectivity within diversity: digital technology as a vector of development and solidarity in the French-speaking world".
From 19-20 November, the French-speaking Heads of State and Government debated the priorities of La Francophonie and notably addressed the role of women and young people as vectors of peace and actors of development.
14- 18 November
Cybersecurity: Global
ITU participated in the Global Cybersecurity Forum in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia from 9-10 November. BDT Director Doreen Bogdan-Martin spoke on panels related to cybersecurity activities and priorities. Other ITU staff spoke on panels regarding AI and quantum computing. The ITU delegation also held a number of bilateral meetings with South Africa, Ghana, the United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, the Global Partnership to End Violence Against Children, and Forum of Incident Response and Security Teams (FIRST) on how to expand collaboration, particularly on gender in cybersecurity, Child Online Protection, CyberDrills, communications support, and Partner2Connect (P2C).
Cybersecurity: Asia and the Pacific
On 17 November, ITU participated in the validation workshop on the assessment report of Child Online Protection in the Cambodian technology industry, organized by Cambodia’s Ministry of Post and Telecommunications (MPTC) and UNICEF. Representatives from government, civil society organizations, Meta, Internet service providers, and social media influencers discussed the capacity of the industry in Cambodia to tackle Online Child Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (OCSEA), including through the development of industry-specific child online protection policies.
Digital inclusion: Global
The Global Coalition on Ageing (GCOA), in collaboration with representatives from the public and private sectors, hosted the High-Level Forum on the Silver Economy from 8-9 November. Held in a hybrid format across multiple locations (Dublin, New York and Geneva), the Forum’s sessions were driven by a positive approach to explore collaborative and innovative measures that have concrete impact on healthy ageing for older people.
Leaders and experts from the UN, industry, private-sector, civil society and governments shared their views, work and activities aiming to support the implementation of the Decade of Healthy Ageing globally.
ITU-D participated in person in the interactive session on “Digital Health: Scaling Healthy Aging” and virtually in the Forum, raising awareness on the ITU’s work and resources on ageing in the digital world. ITU-D also provided recommendations and solutions on how to use ICTs to build digital inclusion for all people and, by extension, on how they can respond to older persons’ needs and requirements.
Digital innovation ecosystems: Asia and the Pacific
ITU participated in the Stakeholders’ Forum on the Outcomes of Digital Innovation Co-Creation Workshop in Brunei Darussalam virtually on 16 November. This event was held by the Authority for Info-communications Technology Industry (AITI) and E-Government National Centre (EGNC). ITU presented the draft findings from the Digital Innovation Profile, which is based on the co-creation workshop that was held physically in October.
Policy and regulation: Asia and the Pacific
H.E Dr Lotay Tshering, Honorable Prime Minister of the Royal Government of Bhutan, launched the Prime Minister's Office (PMO) dashboard, which aims to facilitate data-driven decision making at the PMO in line with the whole of government approach. Technical assistance was provided by the ITU through the joint project from the ITU and the Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications and the Arts (DITRDCA) of the Government of Australia.
The launch event on 18 November was attended by Dasho Kesang Deki, Cabinet Secretary, Dasho Phuntsho Tobgay, Secretary, Ministry of Information and Communications, and Ms. Carrie Morrison, UN Resident Coordinator.
Giga: Global
On November 20, World Children’s Day, BDT Director Doreen Bogdan-Martin was featured in a video explaining the importance digital inclusion for every child. She shared that ITU is bringing connectivity to every school and every learner through Giga, and is collaborating with partners across the globe to ensure that children remain safe online.
Giga: Global
On 18 November, ahead of World’s Children Day on 20 November, Malcolm Johnson, ITU Deputy Secretary-General participated in the “World’s Children Day 2022 — WSIS&SDG TalkX: Connecting every School to Internet and every young person to ICT- Recognizing the Leadership”. The session was organized by the Association of India Communication Multimedia and Infrastructure (CMAI). Participants included eminent Indian personalities in education and leaders from ICTs and the social arena.
Giga: Global
To celebrate World Children’s Day on November 20, ITU and UNICEF released video statements highlighting Giga’s commitment to create opportunities for a dignified future for children by providing school connectivity.
7- 11 November
GovStack: Africa
The GovStack multi-partner team kicked off the exemplar services prioritization workshop in Djibouti. At the workshop, two government services were selected as part of the Horn of Africa (HoA) Initiative for the Digital Government and Cybersecurity (IGDC) eGovernance Program, which will be digitized using a GovStack Global approach
GovStack will collaborate with Djibouti’s digital team to better understand user needs, mapping user journeys and life events, and architecting services re-using open-source software components/GovStack building blocks. In 2023, the team will work on the digital co-design of services selected.
GovStack: Global
The international call for nominations for the WSIS Special Category Prize for GovStack Best Digital Service Design is now open. The Prize spotlights innovative and impactful digital government service designs that address citizen needs and are scalable, using a building block approach.
Key dates are as follows:
- Submission: 1 November 2022 –5 January 2023
- Review of submissions: 8 January–15 February 2023
- Selection of winning projects: 12 March 2023
- Winners announced during the WSIS High Level Track: 13–17 March 2023
Application form: https://lnkd.in/egxwWZAd
Cybersecurity: Asia and the Pacific
ITU held a virtual ITU-Pakistan CyberDrill from 10–11 November. During the event, participants representing government agencies, critical national infrastructure operators, and academia belonging to cybersecurity Centres of Excellence participated in four scenario-based exercises. This two-day virtual event took place in the lead-up to the Digital Pakistan Cybersecurity Hackathon 2022, hosted by IGNITE-National Technology Fund (MoITT).
Digital inclusion: Global
ITU participated in the first-ever UN Digital Accessibility Event on the “Digital Accessibility: The Path to Leaving No One Behind.”
International organizations like UN, WMO, IOM UN Migration and WHO shared experiences, initiatives, concerns, challenges and good practices needed to ensure digital accessibility features in order to guarantee that all people, regardless of gender, age, ability, location and language benefit on an equal and equitable basis from digital content.
With a global representation of UN representatives, the panel discussion underlined relevant actions and efforts to include people with disabilities, older persons and human beings in general, into the digital environment. It gave significant attention to the WHO policy on disability established in 2020 which states that WHO must strive to better improve diversity at all levels of the organization.
Moreover, with the mindset of accessibility, features must be embedded across all platforms and tools. Panellists highlighted the importance of working together and incorporating the voices and feedback of people with disabilities as a means to achieving meaningful digital transformation with ensured digital inclusion.
ITU-D's goal as a guest was to promote ICT Accessibility as the key to achieving digital inclusion for all, especially for the 15% of the world population who has a disability.
In line with the panellist’s efforts to ensure digital accessibility for all end-users and attendees’ comments and questions about the same topic, ITU-D shared the “Ageing in the digital world: from vulnerable to valuable” report; the website “Digital/ICT Accessibility” that offer over 65 Resources in this topic including reports; guidelines and video tutorials and the self-paced training courses on ‘’ICT Accessibility’’, ‘’Web Accessibility’’, ‘’Ensure Digital Inclusive Communication’’, ‘’Beyond smart cities = ‘Smart for all’’’, to all the participants to find more recommendations and solutions to use ICTs to build a culture of digital accessibility.
Digital services and applications: CIS
ITU Regional Office for the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) held a workshop in Belarus from 10–11 November on "Regional Digital Development: Theory and Practice" in cooperation with the Ministry of Communications and Informatization of the Republic of Belarus. The event was opened by Konstantin Shulgan, Minister of Communications and Informatization, and Natalia Mochu, Regional Director of the ITU Regional Office for CIS and the Belarusian State Academy of Communications. The training aimed to promote sustainable digital development of administrative units to the Republic of Belarus by enhancing professional competencies of representatives of city and district administrations.
Digital services and applications: Asia and the Pacific
ITU and the Pacific Islands Telecommunications Association (PITA) co-hosted the Forum on Smart islands in the Pacific, “Realizing digital transformation at community level,” in Suva, Fiji. The Forum was supported by the Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development, Communications and the Arts (DITRDCA) of Government of Australia.
Participants included Pacific country governments, telecom stakeholders, UN agencies (e.g. UN Resident Coordinator's Office, WHO, ILO, UNICEF, UN Capital Development Fund) and local communities, such as the University of South Pacific and the Papua New Guinea University of Technology. The concept and the latest development of Smart Village and Smart Island Programme (SVSI) were shared, and the launch of two joint programmes funded by the Joint SDG Fund was announced at this event. These include the ITU-led “Accelerating SDG achievement through digital transformation to strengthen community resilience in Micronesia,” and ILO-led “Advancing the SDGs by Improving livelihoods and resilience via economic diversification and digital transformation.” ITU’s SVSI programmes could soon be covering 10 Pacific countries.
Environment: Africa
A consultation workshop on the development of a National Strategy for the Management of Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment in Niger took place on 24–25 October. ITU, in the framework of the ongoing GovStack initiative — in partnership with GIZ — is implementing a project to develop a national e-waste strategy in Niger, in collaboration with the Ministère de la Poste et des Nouvelles Technologies de l'Information. The workshop, brought together public and private sector stakeholders, seeks to provide input on the main issues related to e-waste strategy, such as defining producers in the Niger context and formalizing the informal sector.
Network and digital infrastructure: CIS
The ITU Regional Office for CIS participated in the Turkmentel International IT Exhibition and Scientific Conference. Participants shared experiences, new ideas and achievements in the field of telecommunications, innovation and technology. On behalf of Doreen Bogdan-Martin, the Regional Director of the ITU Regional Office for CIS Natalia Mochu welcomed participants and highlighted Turkmenistan's commitment to the development of a digital economy, digital empowerment and inclusiveness.
Policy and regulation: Asia and the Pacific
On 8 November, ITU participated in the Asia Health and Wellbeing Initiative (AHWIN) Forum, titled "Harnessing the Power of Technology for Healthy Aging in Asia.” The forum was organized by the Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and East Asia (ERIA) and the Japan Center for International Exchange (JCIE). ITU highlighted its regional initiatives during the "Translating data and innovation to policy and practice" session.
Giga: Africa
Giga was featured at the Africa Tech Festival in Cape Town from 7–11 November. Sessions included:
- “Leaders in Africa Summit panel: Bridging the Digital Divide – how to close skills gaps and prepare Africa’s workforce for tomorrow’s jobs”. In the session, Giga highlighted how it has mapped 370,000 and connected 2,270 schools to the Internet in Africa. This translates to 1.1 million children and youth connected in the continent. It also provides opportunities to access a more stimulating learning environment to prepare youth for the future of work.
- “Africa’s path to digital sovereignty. Harnessing the power of partnership and collaboration across the tech ecosystem moderated by Ericsson”. Giga presented its focus to lay out the foundational connectivity infrastructure, allowing digital innovation to thrive and for potential fintech partnering to solve critical challenges such as digital payments.
- “Cloud Computing is Driving an African Infrastructure Revolution”. Giga explained how mapping has displayed where people have connectivity and access to the cloud. The challenge for connecting many schools is finding the business case to incentivize companies to connect schools in the poorest areas. • Other sessions included panel discussions on how digital skills and an educated youth are key to unlocking the 4th industrial revolution, and the use of satellite technology to advance Giga’s work to connect the African continent. BDT Director Doreen Bogdan-Martin highlighted on social media that through digital cooperation, Giga aims to serve the entire African continent and achieve a connected Africa.
Giga: Americas
The ITU Regional Office for the Americas, UNICEF and the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) met in Brazil with officials from the Brazil National Telecommunications Agency (Anatel), the Ministry of Communications, and the National Institute of Educational Studies and Investigations (INEP) to present recent research on a review of education practices relating to broadband access, challenges and opportunities for effective connectivity policies in schools, as well as infrastructure and school mapping.
Other: CIS
The ITU Regional Office for CIS, as a member of the UN Belarus country team, took part in a UNCT retreat. 2022 results include the ITU Regional Smart Cities Forum and trainings on digital development of small cities in Belarus. The UNCT discussed common country analysis (CCA), joint and individual outcome of United Nations Sustainable Development Cooperation Framework implementation, and next steps. On the side-lines, bilateral discussions with UNICEF, UNDP, and the United Nations Population Fund were held.
Digital innovation ecosystems: CIS
The ITU Regional Office for CIS will hold its annual ITU Startup Central Eurasia Forum on 24–25 November in Baku, Azerbaijan. The event will present the Startup Central Eurasia Ecosystems Ranking report which is based on a study on the state of development of the start-up ecosystem in the countries of the region. In addition, organized panel discussions with key players of start-up ecosystems and international experts will take place to exchange experiences and discuss the vision of the countries' start-up ecosystem development.
1- 4 November
Digital inclusion: Asia and the Pacific
ITU organized the “Accessible Asia and the Pacific- ICT for All: Regional Workshop on ICT Accessibility” in Thailand. The workshop was supported by the Australian Department of Infrastructure, Telecommunication, Regional Development, Communication and Arts. Attendees included representatives from the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP) as well as policymakers, regulators, and civil society organizations from countries in South Asia, North Asia, South-East Asia and the Pacific. By attending, they increased their understanding of issues related to ICT accessibility. They also sought to review and assess the current status of ICT accessibility implementation in their respective countries using the ITU Assessment Toolkit on ICT accessibility.
Digital inclusion: Asia and the Pacific
The Global Compact Network Thailand Forum (GCNT Forum) 2022, called “Accelerating Business Solutions to Tackle Climate & Biodiversity Challenges”, was held on 2 November. ITU chaired a session entitled “Technological Solutions for Energy & Transportation Sectors”. Coordinated with the United Nations Country Team in Thailand, the event aimed to identify and implement solutions to mitigate and prevent adverse effects of climate change. Both the Prime Minister of Thailand and other high-level dignitaries from the Government of Thailand attended the forum. Other participants included diplomats, members of academia, non-governmental organizations, civil society organizations, private sector representatives, and other GCNT members.
Network and digital infrastructure: Asia and the Pacific
During the first annual conference of the World Broadband Association, ITU delivered a presentation at the session, “Broadband delivers great social and economic benefits for Asia and the Pacific”.
PRIDA: Africa
During the PRIDA conference, a workshop was held and featured presentations on ITU handbooks on spectrum monitoring, computer aided techniques, international monitoring system (IMS), PRIDA activities, Spectrum Management System for Developing Countries (SMS4DC) and the Harmonized Calculation Method for Africa (HCM4A).