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Extended reality – How to boost quality of experience and interoperability




                      Table 3 – Step count validation         The ARN module can be further enhanced by adding a text
                                                              to speech translation feature, which could be used to speak
               Model     Navigational   Average   Error %     out the directions to users, and thereby improving the overall
                            Mode      Estimated               accessibility of the application.
                                        steps
                                      (out of 30)             The  incorporation  of  computer  vision  for  landmark
            Realme Dizo  Walking         29.1       3%        recognition and comparing the performance with MAR–PNS
            Watch 2      Running         28.5       5%        and GPS-based identification could be another future area of
                                                              work.
            MI Band 3    Walking         29        3.34%
                         Running         28.8       4%                         REFERENCES
            MAR-PNS      Walking         29.2      2.67%
            System       Running         28        6.67%      [1] T. Alsop, "Mobile augmented reality (AR) market
                                                                  revenue worldwide from 2019 to 2025", Statista, 2021.
                                                                  https://www.statista.com/statistics/897587/world-
           The distance estimation sub-module was analyzed with Root   augmented-reality-market-value/
           Mean Squared Error  (RMSE)  as a  metric to validate the
           distance covered by the user. The experiments were carried
           out locally, where the user with test application walked a   [2] T. Alsop, "Number of mobile augmented reality (AR)
                                                                  active  user devices worldwide from  2019 to  2024",
           stretch of road whose distance was already  known.  The
           RMSE for the distance deviation was observed and is listed   Statista, 2021.
                                                                  https://www.statista.com/statistics/1098630/global-
           in Table 4.
                                                                  mobile-augmented-reality-ar-users/
                 Table 4 – Distance estimation experiments
                                                              [3] E. Cranmer, M. tom Dieck,  and P. Fountoulaki,
            Actual Distance   Calculated     Squared error        "Exploring the value of augmented reality for tourism",
                 (m)          Distance (m)       (m)              Tourism Management Perspectives, vol. 35, July 2020,
                                                                  doi: 10.1016/j.tmp.2020.100672.
                  25             23.4            2.56
                  30             27.6            5.76         [4] A. Dirin and T.H. Laine, User Experience in Mobile
                  52             53.2            1.44             Augmented    Reality:  Emotions,   Challenges,
                                                                  Opportunities and Best Practices. Computers 2018, doi:
                  70             69.3            0.49             10.3390/computers7020033.
                 100             99.4            0.36
                                RMSE             1.45         [5] Google Maps offline navigation.
                                                                  https://support.google.com/maps/answer/6291838?hl=
                 5.  CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK                   en&co=GENIE.Platform%3DAndroid
           The proposed MAR–PNS system provides means for     [6] Google Live View.
           mitigating the drawbacks of traditional pedestrian navigation   https://support.google.com/maps/answer/9332056?hl=
           systems and existing MAR-based navigational systems. The   en&co=GENIE.Platform%3DAndroid/
           major contribution of this work is its novel methodology for
           discovering nearby landmarks whose locations are unknown   [7] M. Garcia Puyol, D. Bobkov, P. Robertson, and T. Jost,
           by just pointing the phone’s camera at those landmarks. This   "Pedestrian Simultaneous Localization and Mapping in
           improves the user experience as well as opens new junctures   Multistory Buildings Using Inertial Sensors," in IEEE
           for landmark recognition without using the computationally   Transactions on Intelligent  Transportation Systems,
           intensive traditional methods which rely on image or video   vol. 15,  no. 4, pp.  1714-1727, August  2014, doi:
           processing. Another contribution of this work is cutting   10.1109/TITS.2014.2303115.
           down on the reliance of the navigational systems on GPS and
           providing a local way of estimating the user’s position by   [8] A. Abadleh, E. Al-Hawari, E. Alkafaween, and H. Al-
           using their step count.                                Sawalqah, "Step detection  algorithm for accurate
                                                                  distance estimation using dynamic step length,” 2017
           The step count-based user localization module requires the   18th IEEE International Conference on Mobile Data
           user to hold the phone in their hand while walking. This can   Management (MDM), 2017, pp. 324-327, doi:
           be improved in future by applying an additional filter which   10.1109/MDM.2017.52.
           mitigates the effect of noise when the user is keeping the
           phone in other positions such as their pockets or shaking the   [9] Android Motion Sensor documentation.
           phone while walking.  Integrating this module with  a   https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/sensors/se
           stationary device such as a smart watch can further improve   nsors_motion
           its accuracy.






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