Page 76 - ITU Journal Future and evolving technologies Volume 2 (2021), Issue 3 – Internet of Bio-Nano Things for health applications

ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies, Volume 2 (2021), Issue 3

respectively. At the transmitter, to control the function posed where different symbols were sent by varying the
(turn on/off spray), an Arduino Uno microprocessor was time duration of releasing the molecules. A slope‑based
connected. A computer was used for uploading the con‑ detection along with experimentally validated channel
trol codes to the microprocessor. On the other hand, the and noise models were also presented. A test bed us‑
receiver consisted of an MQ‑3 semiconductor metal ox‑ ing SPIONs as the information particles was proposed in
ide gas sensor and a microprocessor, which was used [183]. In this work, SPIONs were sent into a pipe contain‑
to read the sensor data. Finally, for decoding the trans‑ ing the water, and a susceptometer was used for detecting
mitted information, the detection algorithm was imple‑ the particles. The change in inductance was investigated
mented on the computer connected to the microproces‑ under the various distribution of particles passing. A MAP
sor. A modi ied slope‑based detection was proposed in demodulator based on chemical reactions has been pre‑
[178] in which the number of positive and negative slope sented in [184]. It was shown that a gene promoter circuit
values within a bit duration was counted to decide in fa‑ DCS2 found in yeast can be used for MAP‑based demodu‑
vor of bit‑1 or bit‑0. It was shown that in the case of bit‑1, lation.
80% of the slope values were positive. In this work, the
number of samples within a bit duration was set as 10 A transmitter using acetone and methanol for signaling
and the detection threshold was considered as 8 based on with N 2 gas as a carrier and a mass spectrometer with
80% criterion. a quadrupole mass analyzer as detector were used in
[185]. Tangential and longitudinal diffusion coef icients
An experimental MMC system was proposed in [179] in were taken into account for the analysis of amplitude,
which the mobile receiver was able to sense the gradient energy, and SNR of the received signal. An implantable
of alcohol molecules formed in the environment. This gra‑ glucose sensor was proposed in [186] in which InGaZnO
dient was formed by spraying the molecules by the target. (IGZO)‑based Electrolyte‑Gated Field‑Effect Transistors
The mobile receiver was a two‑wheeled vehicle controlled (EGFETs) were considered as the sensor material. This
by an Arduino‑Uno microprocessor. A metal oxide sensor material has better ield‑effect mobility and a large on‑off
was mounted on the vehicle to sense the concentration ratio than previously used materials e.g., Graphene and Si‑
of alcohol molecules. A bio‑inspired algorithm similar to NW. The basic principle of sensing in [186] was to sense
bacterial chemotaxis was used by the receiver to move to‑ the pH value due to the H + ions generated by the reac‑
wards the target. It was shown that this algorithm was tion of glucose (to be sensed) and glucose oxidase (i.e., the
more ef icient than a random walk process in terms of the material immobilized on the sensor). A test bed show‑
time required to reach the target. ing its effectiveness was also implemented. Also, RNN
and module‑based decoding where each module consists
In [180], an ethanol electrical sprayer was used as a trans‑ of ANN were used for the detection of pH value. Simula‑
mitter. To create a low‑based channel, a table fan was tion results demonstrated that deep learning‑based algo‑
used to provide velocity to the transmitted molecules. rithms achieve better BER performance in unknown and
Moreover, at the receiver, the detection was based on noisy channels.
an adaptive threshold mechanism where the decision
threshold was calculated using the irst sample of each In [187] a channel coding scheme was proposed to mit‑
time slot. The proposed detection scheme was claimed to igate ISI. In the codeword, the following three proper‑
be better than the one proposed in [178], which obtains ties were used: i) Sending consecutive bit‑1 was not al‑
the decision threshold in terms of the number of positive lowed, ii) The codeword always started with bit‑0, and
slope values of the received signal. A test bed based on iii) At‑least one bit‑1 should be present in each
proton pumping bacteria was proposed in [171], where codeword. Also, an adaptive threshold was used to
incident light on a plasmid inside bacteria generated pro‑ decode each codeword, where the threshold scaling
tons which were later sensed by a pH sensor at the re‑ factor was estimated by sending the pilot signal before
ceiver. information transmission. The proposed technique was
also tested experimentally where alcohol spray and
An experimental setup for validating the theoretical mod‑ alcohol sensor was employed as the transmitter and
els was proposed in [181]. In this work, Hydrochloric
receiver, respectively. Authors demonstrated that BER ≈
acid (HCl) controlled by a solenoid valve was used as the 5 × 10 −2 can be obtained with this setup. Particle image
transmitter and a pH sensor was deployed as the receiver. velocimetry and planar laser-induced luorescence were
Moreover, a glass pipe containing water was considered proposed in [188] for tracking the changes in molecular
as the channel for communication between the transmit‑ signals as well as the channel parameters responsible for
ter and the receiver. At the receiver, adaptive threshold‑ a change in the molecular signal.
based detection was performed considering the channel
memory of the previous one bit or two bits. Interestingly, A cooperative RNN was proposed in [189] in which RNN
COMSOL simulations of the experimental setup were also had forward and backward components. A merged layer
carried out to compare against the experimental data. An with the time‑varying property was designed to combine
experiment similar to [174] was also carried out in [182]. the outputs of forward and backward RNN components.
However, in this work, multilevel modulation was pro‑ The proposed network was tested experimentally on a

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