Page 71 - ITU Journal Future and evolving technologies Volume 2 (2021), Issue 3 – Internet of Bio-Nano Things for health applications

ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies, Volume 2 (2021), Issue 3

Table 5 – Summary of transmission and detection in MMC with and without drift
Reference Modulation Detection Symbol‑ Coherent/ Complexity
by‑symbol Non‑coherent
(Sbs)/Sequence detection
(Seq) detector
[117] OOK Single sample detection Sbs Non‑coherent Low
[135] OOK Local convexity detection Sbs Non‑coherent Moderate
[118] OOK Adaptive threshold‑based detection Sbs Coherent Very high
with distance estimation in intervals
with bit‑1 (Valid for large coherence
time)
[136] MCSK Adaptive threshold detection with Sbs Coherent Very high
distance estimation in every bit‑
interval (Valid for small coherence
time)
[31] Binary and M‑ Recurrent neural network detection Sbs and Seq Non‑coherent High
ary amplitude schemes
modulation
[144] OOK Iterative detector Sbs Non‑coherent High
[139] OOK LLR test Sbs Coherent Moderate
[148] OOK (MIMO‑ i) DFE, ii) MMSE‑DFE, iii) ZF‑DFE, and Sbs Coherent i) Very high
MC) iv) Least squares DFE detector ii) High
iii) High
iv) Very high
[138] OOK Adaptive threshold detector Sbs Non‑coherent Moderate
[145] OOK Energy difference based detector Sbs Non‑coherent Low
[133] CSK Binary detector with i) Fixed thresh‑ Sbs Non‑coherent i) Low
old, ii) Half threshold, iii) Optimal ii) Low
threshold obtained using MAP rule iii) High
[146] MCSK, Manch‑ Concentration difference detector Sbs Non‑coherent Low
ester coded based on i) Difference within a bit‑
MCSK interval, ii) Difference in successive
bit‑intervals
[137] OOK Single sample detector with initial Sbs Coherent Very high
distance estimation based on pilot
signal
[119] OOK Convexity detector with detection Sbs Non‑coherent High
threshold as weighted sum of earlier
convexity metrics
[151] OOK Cooperative detection with OR/AND Sbs Coherent High
fusion rules at FC
[152] OOK Log LRT Sbs Coherent High
[121] OOK, Maximum likelihood detection Sbs Coherent Moderate
Depleted‑
MoSK (D‑
MoSK)

mate of various parameters was also obtained. These pa‑ found to minimize the end‑to‑end error probability. A
rameters were related to resistance offered to the motion relay‑assisted MMC in the presence of drift was studied
of nano‑machines, noise effects on the motion and the im‑ in [156]. In this work, optimal LRT‑based detection was
pact of gradient of attractants’ concentration. performed at the receiver in each time slot. Further, for
performance analysis through the analytical framework, a
closed‑form expression for channel capacity was also de‑
3.2.2 Relay‑assisted‑based mobile MC systems rived, where a decrease in capacity was reported with an
increase in interference due to other sources of transmis‑
In [152], a decode‑and‑forward relaying scheme was pro‑ sion and due to an increase in the diffusion coef icient of
posed for MMC in the presence of drift. In this work, Log the receiver.
LRT was used at the receiver and relay to determine the
detection threshold. Also, an optimal number of trans‑
mitted molecules at each of the transmitting nodes was

© International Telecommunication Union, 2021 59