Page 72 - ITU Journal Future and evolving technologies Volume 2 (2021), Issue 3 – Internet of Bio-Nano Things for health applications

ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies, Volume 2 (2021), Issue 3

Table 6 – BER performance of different detection schemes
Reference Modulation Detection Lowest BER SNR/Number Distance
of transmitted between
molecules transmitter
and receiver
[33] MoSK i) MAP detection without ISI i) 5 × 10 −3 4 dB/10 3 100 µm
ii) Viterbi detection with ISI ii) ≈ 10 −5
[34] MoSK MAP detection with noise whitening 7 × 10 −6 10 dB/2.5 × 10 4 600 µm
ilter
[40] Rectangular Adaptive receiver based on steep‑ i) 0 16 dB/4 × 10 9 0.05 µm
pulse based est descent algorithm for i) Maxi‑ ii) 3 × 10 −5
OOK mum likelihood sequence detection iii) 10 −6
ii) MMSE equalizer iii) DFE with de‑ iv) 3 × 10 −6
cision metric iv) DFE with quantizer
[45] MTSK i) MMSE equalizer i) ≈ 10 −4 500 5 µm
ii) DFF ii) 3 × 10 −4
[52] Rectangular Non linear adaptive threshold detec‑ 2 × 10 −4 8 dB 9 nm
pulsed based tion based on local geometry and en‑
OOK ergy difference of received signal
[60] Rectangular Two layered detection for reduc‑ 10 −5 9 dB/10 4 3 µm
pulsed based ing the number of sequences to be
OOK searched
[29] OOK ANN detection with LM optimizer ≈ 10 −4 31 dB 0.5 µm
[105] OOK MF detector 2 × 10 −4 4 × 10 4 0.5 µm
[30] OOK Parzen‑PNN based detection 5 × 10 −4 10 dB 2 µm
[111] CSK Fuzzy C‑means clustering ≈ 10 −3 11 dB/3 × 10 4 0.5 µm
[135] OOK Local convexity detection 2 × 10 −4 31 dB 0.065 µm
[31] Binary and M‑ Recurrent neural network detection 5 × 10 −4 ‑ ‑
ary amplitude schemes
modulation
4
[137] OOK Single sample detector with initial 4 × 10 −3 3 × 10 for pilot 1 µm
distance estimation based on pilot signal and 4 × 10 4
signal for information

3.2.3 Distribution detection‑based mobile MC Authors demonstrated that for a higher probability of
systems false alarm, OR rule performed better than AND rule and
vice‑versa. This is because in case of high chances of er‑
In [157], 1‑D MMC with drift was considered, where mul‑
ror, all the nano‑machines may not be able to make the
tiple cooperative nano‑machines were used between the
correct decision, and hence performance of the AND rule
source and the destination. Channel capacity and the
degrades. Further, to reduce the error probability, a co‑
probability of bit error expressions were derived at the
operative abnormality detection scheme was proposed
destination using the probabilities of detection and false
in [158]. In this scheme, a sensor could be activated if
alarm. Authors’ analysis demonstrated that the opti‑
it detects an abnormality itself or it receives signaling
mal decision threshold at the destination depends on the
molecules from other sensors that detected abnormality.
probabilities of detection and false alarm of the last coop‑ Finally, an FC collected responses from all the sensors and
erative nano‑machine.
checked the activation lag of all the sensors to decide the
presence or absence of abnormality. Optimal threshold at
A cooperative detection strategy was presented in [151],
the FC was derived by minimizing the error probability.
where several cooperative nano‑machines sent their de‑
cisions to an FC about the presence or absence of an ab‑
normality inside the blood vessel. In this work, each of 3.3 Performance and complexity comparison
the nano‑machines and the FC were assumed to be mo‑ of different detection techniques for
bile under the in luence of both diffusion and drift. For mobile MC
performance analysis, the PDF of the irst hitting time of
molecule at the FC was also described, where the concept Computational complexity of the non‑coherent detector
of effective diffusion coef icient was used as described in proposed in [145] is O(N s ) that is much less than the de‑
[117]. OR (if one of the nano‑machines sent a positive re‑ tection schemes such as coherent MAP method and
port) and AND (if all the nano‑machines sent a positive MMSE [40], [98].
report) rules were used at the FC for making the global
decision about the presence or absence of abnormality.

60 © International Telecommunication Union, 2021