Page 78 - ITU Journal Future and evolving technologies Volume 2 (2021), Issue 3 – Internet of Bio-Nano Things for health applications

ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies, Volume 2 (2021), Issue 3

Table 7 – System description and important conclusions in experimental works
Reference System description Conclusion
[168] Silicon‑nano wire (Si‑NW) based biomolecule detection Faster response of Si‑NW than the Ion‑Sensitive
Field‑Effect Transistor (ISFET) was shown.
[169] Detection of femtograms of Mercury‑ion using BSA protein i) Logarithmic variation of conductance of BCZ with
conjugated ZnO nano‑sphere (BCZ) the concentration of Mercury‑ions.
ii) Useful for biomedical applications such as detec‑
tion of toxic heavy metals in body.
[170] i) Conversion of optical signal from LED to chemical signal i) Derivative‑based detection was used to obtain a bit
+
(H ions) rate of 1‑bit/min.
+
ii) Detection of H ions using pH sensor ii) System can work as microscale modulator.
[174] i) Transmitter ‑ Spray of isopropyl alcohol i) Study of diffusion over the air
ii) Channel ‑ Air ii) Determines and validates the channel model ex‑
iii) Receiver ‑ Metal oxide sensor perimentally.
[176] i) 2×2 MIMO‑MC system using two alcohol sprays and two i) 1.7 times data rate improvement w.r.t. SISO sys‑
chemical sensors tem.
ii) Useful for applications like structural high speed
health monitoring in smart cities.
[177] i) Transmitter ‑ Peristaltic pump using acid to transmit bit‑ Training‑based detectors are suitable if channel
0 and base to transmit bit‑1 model is not known.
ii) Channel ‑ Water in a silicon tube
iii) Receiver‑ RNN‑based detection
[179] i) Transmitter ‑ Alcohol spray Better target (transmitter) detection by the receiver
ii) Channel ‑ Air using bio‑inspired algorithm than the random walk
iii) Mobile receiver ‑ Metal oxide sensor mounted on a ve‑ process.
hicle
[186] i) Implantable glucose sensor is proposed i) Deep learning‑based detection performs better
ii) InGaZnO‑based EGFET is used as the sensor material than conventional threshold based detectors in un‑
+
iii)DetectionofH ionsgeneratedbythereactionofglucose known and noisy channels.
using RNN ii) EGFETs have better ield‑effect mobility and a
large on‑off ratio than Si‑NW.
[187] i) Transmitter ‑ Alcohol spray i) Channel coding for better ISI mitigation.
ii) Channel ‑ Air ii) Adaptive threshold for decoding of the code‑word.
iii) Receiver‑ Alcohol sensor
[189] i) Transmitter ‑ Peristaltic pump using acid to transmit bit‑ Better BER performance than SBRNN.
0 and base to transmit bit‑1
ii) Channel ‑ Water in a silicon tube
iii) Receiver‑ Cooperative RNN‑based detection

5.2.2 Transduction unit structures but graphene is a two dimensional material
that can provide large spatial coverage leading to an in‑
In bio‑FET, the channel between drain and source elec‑ crease in the number of receptors that can be functional‑
trodes is the transduction unit for generating an electri‑ ized on its surface.
cal signal based on the molecular signal at the receptors.
Single‑Walled CNTs (SWCNTs), Si‑NW [168],
5.2.3 Signal processing unit
graphene [167] could be used as the transduction unit.
The SWCNT for Acetylcholine (Ach) receptor has been After the transduction unit, the processing of the gener‑
discussed in [193] to detect Ach. Si‑NW‑based ated electrical signal is required for the detection of infor‑
transduction unit for re‑ ceptor protein in prostate mation. Since a nano‑machine is expected to be a simple
cancer detection has been pre‑ sented in [194]. The device with limited computational capability, simple and
graphene‑based transducer channel for a glucose oxidase less‑complex detectors such as derivative‑based detec‑
receptor in a glucose sensing device has been discussed tion [61], asynchronous detection [50] are more suitable.
in [195]. The conductivity of trans‑ ducers such as However, the limitation of these detectors is that they
SWCNT, Si‑NW and graphene varies with the number of cannot perform well under high noise and mobile trans‑
molecules bound to the receptors. This in turn changes mitter/receiver scenarios. Moreover, the non‑coherent
the current low between source and drain of bio‑FET detector can also be used in challenging environments
[18] thus providing transduction capability to these where the channel model is dif icult to obtain. A non‑
materials. SWCNT and Si‑NW are one dimensional coherent detector based on local convexity [135] that uses
a moving average operation for noise reduction and ANN‑

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