Page 701 - Shaping smarter and more sustainable cities - Striving for sustainable development goals

Open data may need to be in a linked format or in another format that is easily readable by
acomputer (for example comma‐separated values (.csv),Excel spread sheet (.xls), or even
PC‐axis(.px)formats. In addition, all websites and text documents are included. However, scanned
paper documents(.pdf), or other image files are not considered machine‐readable.
With the rise of smart phones and their built‐in sensors as well as web‐apps, an increasing amount
of personal data is being silently collected. Personal data–digital information about users' location,
calls, web‐searches, and preferences–is undoubtedly the “oil” of the new digital economy. However,
the lack of access to the data makes it very hard if not impossible for an individual to understand
and manage the risks associated with the collected data. Therefore, advancements in using and
mining this data have to evolve in parallel with considerations about ownership and privacy.

2 The demand of open data in SSC

2.1 The contents of open data

Open data include various sources, including the open government data (OGD), open industrial data
(OID), open enterprise data (OED) and open personal data (OPD). The OGD is the major part of open
data because governments have accumulated a large amounts of data, have become the largest
owner of data in terms of volume. Currently governments are assumed to publish open data to
maximize public reuse, not only strengthen the transparency and promote efficiency and
effectiveness in administration, but also to create economic opportunity and improve citizens'
quality of life(QoL). The OGD includes geographical, environmental, weather, education, agriculture,
and occupational safety as well as economic data, which help citizens to be more informed, and
makes the government more efficient.

Open scientific data is another important source of open data, including experimental data,
genomes,chemical compounds, mathematical and scientific formulae, medical data practice,
bioscience biodiversity. Most of these fundamental researches are financed by governments and
are funded for the purpose of disclosure of their works and face little limit for openness. Problems
often arise in open industrial and enterprise data because these data are commercially valuable or
can be aggregated into works of value. In these cases, access to, or reuse of the data is controlled
by organizations, including access restrictions, licenses, copyright, patents and charges for access or
reuse. It is important that the data are re‐usable without requiring further permission though the
types of reuse (such as the creation of derivative works) may be controlled by a license. Open
personal data is also used in research projects. Companies like Microsoft and Yahoo investigate their
consumer internet behavior in accordance with their respective user approval policies.
It is important to note that data management from new aspects, especially, anonymization is an
essential from a viewpoint of achieving open data management in smart sustainable city.

Various institutions such as medical facilities, transportation facilities, and government agencies
must manage large amounts of data, which may include private customer information, medical
records, and transaction information. This data, commonly stored in electronic form, often contains
sensitive personal information. These types of data are useful in smart sustainable city
establishments, and are frequently necessary, to facilitate the provision of advanced services.
However, stored data may contain a considerable amount of personal and sensitive information
about individuals. This information may include age, addresses as well as more sensitive items such
as financial data, medical records, personal preferences and history of behavior. In the interest of

ITU‐T's Technical Reports and Specifications 691