Page 700 - Shaping smarter and more sustainable cities - Striving for sustainable development goals

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and participation in combination with the emphasis on information technology factors such as
8
machine‐processable, non‐proprietary and license‐free . On the other hand, openness as a concept
is wider due to the emphasis on information technology usage and innovation.

Open scientific data (OSD) is the other important part of open data that came much before the
inclusion of than OGD. The concept of open access to scientific data was institutionally established
9 10
with the formation of the World Data Center system , which was established by the International
Council of Scientific Unions (now the International Council for Science) to minimize the risk of data
loss as well as to maximize data accessibility, and further recommending that data be made available
11 12
in machine‐readable format . Additionally, in 2004, the Science Ministers of nations of the
Organization for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD), signed a declaration which
13 14
essentially states that all publicly funded archive data should be made publicly available . In
2007, the OECD Principles and Guidelines for Access to Research Data from Public Funding was also
15
published as a soft‐law recommendation .
Open Industrial Data (OID) resulted from recent initiatives, including:
i) Vision 2020 : This is New York City's Comprehensive Waterfront Plan, which is led by the
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Department of City Planning of New York City. It sets the stage for expanded use of the
waterfront for parks, housing and economic development, as well as waterways for
transportation, recreation and natural habitats.
ii) North Shore 2030: This initiative involves improving and reconnecting the North Shore's
Unique and Historic Assets, and reviewing the city's industrial policies, including those
relevant for Industrial Business Zones (IBZs) and Significant Maritime and Industrial Areas
(SMIAs).
Another component of open data is open enterprise data (OED) which is best described as a way of
doing business, forging strong relationships with the network of other organizations, customers,
and potential customers. Alibaba, the China largest online B2C and B2B company, initiated Open
Data Partnership Projects is an OED. In this project, ten open data partners are selected and
desensitized online transaction data are open to these partners to innovate new applications.

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7 Committee on Scientific Accomplishments of Earth Observations from Space, National Research Council (2008). Earth
Observations from Space: The First 50 Years of Scientific Achievements. The National Academies Press. p. 6. ISBN 0‐
309‐11095‐5. Retrieved 2010‐11‐24.
8 World Data Center System (2009‐09‐18). About the World Data Center System. NOAA, National Geophysical Data
Center. Retrieved 2010‐11‐24.
9 OECD Declaration on Open Access to publicly funded data.
10 OECD Principles and Guidelines for Access to Research Data from Public Funding.
11 Please see: http://www.nyc.gov/html/dcp/html/about/pr031411.shtml.
12 Ibid. OECD Principles and Guidelines for Access to Research Data from Public Funding.

13 Auer. S. R, Bizer. C, Kobilarov, G., Lehmann. J, Cyganiak. R, Ives. Z. DBpedia: A Nucleus for a Web of Open Data. The
Semantic Web. Lecture Notes in Computer Science 4825.
14 Ibid. OECD Principles and Guidelines for Access to Research Data from Public Funding.

15 Ibid. OECD Principles and Guidelines for Access to Research Data from Public Funding
16 Joel Gurin, Open Data Now: The Secret to Hot Startups, Smart Investing, Savvy Marketing, and Fast Innovation,
McGraw‐Hill Professional.

690 ITU‐T's Technical Reports and Specifications