Page 699 - Shaping smarter and more sustainable cities - Striving for sustainable development goals

A summary of the main criteria for open data include:

 Availability and access: The data must be available as a whole and at no more than a reasonable
reproduction cost, preferably by downloading over the internet. The data must also be available
in a convenient and modifiable form.

 Re‐use and redistribution: The data must be provided under terms that permit re‐use and
redistribution including the intermixing with other datasets.

 Universal participation: Everyone must be able to use, re‐use and redistribute. There should be
no discrimination against fields of endeavor or against persons or groups. For example, 'non‐
commercial' restrictions that would prevent 'commercial' use or restrictions of use for certain
purposes (e.g., only in education), are not allowed.

The idea of open government has an older origin, dated back to the early years following World War
II at the time of the Great Depression in the U.S. There were increasing efforts to improve openness
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and the application of the right to know principle in the government during that period . The
various components of open data as applied by national government and the private sector are
discussed in this section. Though the term "open data" is not as old as open government. Open
government data (OGD) is an important part of open data, which can be traced back to the 2003
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Public Sector Information Directive by The European Commission . As of January 2014, more than
700,000 OGD datasets have been put online by national and local governments from more than 50
countries. The first one‐stop‐shop open data portal Data.gov (www.data.gov) was launched in May
2009, as part of the open government directive of the Obama Administration. In the Memorandum
on transparency and open government, issued on January 21, 2009, the President instructed the
Director of the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) to issue an Open Government Directive.
Responding to this memorandum is intended to direct executive departments and agencies to take
specific actions to implement the principles of transparency, participation, and collaboration set
forth in the President's Memorandum . By June 2014, the US open government data portal has
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already published 104779 datasets in a machine‐readable format with 80486 geographical sets,
24293 non‐geographical sets and additional 341 tools. In January 2010, the British government
launched Data.gov.uk. The British open data portal applied Comprehensive Knowledge Archive
Network (CKAN), which is an open‐source data management system (DMS) for powering data hubs
and data portals. Thus, both open government and open data initiatives are not entirely a new
concept.

At the conceptual level, the idea of openness has not significantly changed. For instance, the
definition of open data in the current context still includes several important elements
characterizing the preceding definition such as accessibility, availability, re‐usability, re‐distribution

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4 Li Ding , Timothy Lebo, John S. Erickson, Dominic DiFranzo, Gregory Todd Williams, Xian Li,James Michaelis, Alvaro
Graves, Jin Guang Zheng, Zhenning Shangguan, Johanna Flores, Deborah L. McGuinness, James A. Hendler, TWC
LOGD: A portal for linked open government data ecosystems; Web Semantics: Science, Services and Agents on the
World Wide Web 9 (2011) 325–333.
5 Leonida N. Mutuku and Jessica Colaco; Increasing Kenyan Open Data Consumption: A Design Thinking Approach;
ICEGOV '12, October 22 ‐ 25 2012, Albany, NY, USA.
6 Lydia Marleny Prieto, Ana Carolina Rodríguez, Johanna Pimiento; Implementation Framework for Open Data in
Colombia; ICEGOV '12, October 22 ‐ 25 2012.

ITU‐T's Technical Reports and Specifications 689