Making AI Safe in the Real World: From Governance Principles to Operational Tools
Council of Europe
Session 241
From Treaty to Toolkit: Bridging the AI Governance Implementation Gap
The global conversation on AI governance has produced an unprecedented volume of principles, declarations and frameworks. Yet the central challenge for governments, international organisations and development finance institutions is no longer articulating what responsible AI should look like — it is knowing what to do on Monday morning when a health ministry is procuring an AI-assisted triage system, a justice administration is deploying algorithmic risk tools, or a national data agency is building a digital public infrastructure backbone.
The Council of Europe Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law (CETS 225) represents a qualitative shift in that landscape. As the first binding international treaty on AI, it moves governance from aspiration to legal obligation. The HUDERIA methodology — the Human Rights, Democracy and Rule of Law Impact Assessment developed by the CAI/CDNET— translates those obligations into structured and practical instruments that practitioners can apply at country/sector and project level.
This session convenes the three institutional nodes that together constitute a complete operational architecture for AI governance: the normative layer (Council of Europe / CETS 225 / HUDERIA), the development finance layer (World Bank), and the technical standards layer (ISO/IEC SC 42). It does so not through institutional self-presentation, but by grounding every contribution in real deployment challenges voiced by practitioners from the Global South — the actors who most need tools that work, and who have least been served by the principles era.
Ambassador Thomas Schneider is leading the Swiss delegation in various fora in the field of digital and internet governance, including AI. In the past 20 years, he has been chairing several international committees and co-initiated several dialogue fora on national and international levels. He is a former Chair (2021-2024) and former Vice-Chair (2024-2025) of the Council of Europe’s Committee on AI (CAI), which negotiated and adopted the Framework Convention.
He is a Bureau Member of the Council of Europe’s Steering Committee on Media and Information Society (he was its Chair in 2018-19 and Vice-Chair in 2020-21). He chaired several CDMSI expert groups. He has also been a member of the bureau of the CoE’s Ad Hoc Committee on Artificial Intelligence in 2019-2021. From 2014-2017, he was the chair of ICANN’s Governmental Advisory Committee and in this role negotiated the compromise among governments and with the other stakeholders regarding the “IANA Stewardship transition”, the biggest reform in the ICANN system. He was a Vice-Chair of the OECD’s Committee for Digital Economy Policy (2020-2022).
He was responsible for the organization of the 12th UN IGF in Geneva in 2017 co-chair of the IGF’s Multistakeholder Advisory Group in 2017. He participated in the meetings of the UN Secretary General’s High-Level Panel on Digital Cooperation, as personal advisor of Swiss President Doris Leuthard (2018-2019). He has also been a co-initiator of the Swiss Internet Governance Forum, since 2013.
Advisor to the Minister of Communications and Information Technology (MCIT) for Technology Talent Development | National AI Strategy Lead | Acting Director, Egyptian Center for Responsible AI
Professor of Computer Engineering, Cairo University
Dr. Hoda Baraka serves as Advisor to Egypt’s Minister of Communications and Information Technology for Technology Talent Development and is a Professor of Computer Engineering at the Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University. She currently leads several national capacity-building initiatives under the Digital Egypt Generations umbrella. These include the Digital Egypt Builders and Pioneers initiatives (DEBI and DEPI), which target university students and graduates, as well as the Digital Egypt Cubs and Marvels initiatives, designed for school students from Grade 4 to Grade 11.
As Acting Director of the Egyptian Center for Responsible AI, Dr. Baraka spearheads the National Artificial Intelligence Strategy at MCIT. In this role, she contributes to the development and oversight of the national AI strategy and governance framework, ensuring the responsible, safe, and ethical deployment of AI technologies across Egypt.
Dr. Baraka previously served as First Deputy Minister of Communications and Information Technology from 2006 to 2013. Between 2002 and 2013, she was also the National Director of Egypt’s ICT Trust Fund, established to advance the use of ICT for sustainable development.
In recognition of her contributions to advancing education through technology, she was awarded the UNESCO King Hamad Bin Isa Al Khalifa Prize for the Use of ICTs in Education. She has also served as a member of the WEF/UNESCO Partnership for Education Technical Advisory Group on Capacity Development and the World Economic Forum’s Global Agenda Council on Technologies in Education.
With over 40 years of experience, Dr. Baraka is a seasoned consultant in digital transformation, advising both public and private sector organizations.
Ayisha Piotti is a globally recognised independent expert, thought leader and bridge builder in AI policy. Dedicated to ensuring emerging technologies ethically serve society and future generations, her cross-sector career spans over two decades across the United Nations, multinational industry, and public office. As Managing Partner of RegHorizon and Founder of the global AI Policy Summit in Zurich, she has established one of Europe’s most influential multi-stakeholder dialogue platforms on AI, while regularly advising international governance bodies, industry ethics councils, and elite academic institutions worldwide. Ayisha holds degrees in Economics and Management and is an alumna of the London School of Economics & Political Science, Tufts’ Fletcher School of Law & Diplomacy, MIT Sloan School of Management, INSEAD, and IMD.
Peter Deussen is founder of How To Standard and an expert in international ICT standardization with over 16 years of experience. He holds leadership roles at the German Institute for Standardization (DIN), including chairing committees on AI and cloud computing, and is engaged in European and international standardization activities at ISO/IEC, and CEN/CENELEC. He is Project Editor of key AI standards, notably ISO/IEC 42005 (AI system impact assessment) and ISO/IEC 23894 (AI risk management). Previously, he led Microsoft’s international standards engagement for AI and data sharing as National Standards Officer Germany.
James Kanja Cobba is a technology executive, digital transformation strategist, and AI governance leader with more than fifteen years of senior leadership experience spanning government, telecommunications, academia, and international development. He is widely recognised for helping shape Sierra Leone's digital transformation agenda and advancing policy frameworks that enable trusted, inclusive, and innovation-driven digital economies.
He currently serves as Director of Policy Planning and Compliance at Sierra Leone's Ministry of Communication, Technology and Innovation, where he leads the development of national digital policies, governance frameworks, legislative reforms, and strategic programmes that strengthen digital government, digital public infrastructure, cybersecurity, data governance, and emerging technologies. He also serves as the country's AI Programme Manager, leading national efforts to develop responsible AI governance approaches that align innovation with public value, institutional readiness, and sustainable development.
Before joining government, James held senior technology leadership positions within Sierra Leone's telecommunications sector, where he contributed to the technical architecture and deployment planning of the country's foundational broadband infrastructure, including the first submarine fibre-optic cable landing and national terrestrial fibre backbone. These initiatives helped establish the connectivity platform that continues to underpin Sierra Leone's digital economy.
Alongside his executive leadership, James spent more than a decade as a researcher and lecturer at the University of Sierra Leone, promoting technology innovation, digital skills development, and institutional transformation.
His regional and international development engagement includes supporting digital policy and legislative initiatives across West Africa, serving with the ITU and representing Sierra Leone on the ICANN Governmental Advisory Committee, where he contributes to global Internet governance and digital policy discussions.
James brings a distinctive perspective that bridges technology, public policy, digital transformation and AI governance. His work focuses on translating emerging technologies into practical, scalable, and inclusive solutions that accelerate public sector transformation, strengthen digital trust, and unlock sustainable socio-economic growth across Africa. He is a strong advocate for ensuring that artificial intelligence serves as an enabler of human development, resilient institutions, and equitable digital transformation.
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C1. The role of governments and all stakeholders in the promotion of ICTs for development
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C2. Information and communication infrastructure
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C3. Access to information and knowledge
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C4. Capacity building
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C5. Building confidence and security in use of ICTs
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C6. Enabling environment
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C7. ICT applications: benefits in all aspects of life — E-government
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C7. ICT applications: benefits in all aspects of life — E-health
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C7. ICT applications: benefits in all aspects of life — E-employment
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C8. Cultural diversity and identity, linguistic diversity and local content
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C11. International and regional cooperation
This session directly advances the WSIS Action Lines by demonstrating how the first binding international treaty on AI (CETS 225) and its accompanying impact assessment methodology (HUDERIA) operationalise responsible AI governance across government, health and justice sectors (C6, C7-E-government, C7-E-health). It models multi-stakeholder and inter-institutional cooperation between a human rights treaty body, development finance and technical standards (C1, C11), and addresses capacity gaps for Global South states navigating AI procurement without adequate normative tools (C3, C4, C5). The session's grounding in non-discrimination, cultural bias assessment and inclusive design links to C8, while the binding normative architecture it presents constitutes the enabling environment C6 envisions for trustworthy digital systems.
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Goal 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all
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Goal 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all
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Goal 5: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls
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Goal 8: Promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth, employment and decent work for all
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Goal 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote sustainable industrialization and foster innovation
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Goal 10: Reduce inequality within and among countries
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Goal 16: Promote just, peaceful and inclusive societies
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Goal 17: Revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development
Responsible AI governance is a prerequisite for delivering on the 2030 Agenda. This session demonstrates how CETS 225 and HUDERIA provide governments — particularly in the Global South — with the binding normative and methodological tools needed to ensure AI systems in health (SDG 3), justice and public administration (SDG 16) serve rather than undermine human rights and equality. By addressing algorithmic discrimination and bias in employment and service delivery, the session contributes to reducing inequalities within and among countries (SDG 10). The joined-up architecture presented — combining a human rights treaty, development finance safeguards and ISO/IEC technical standards — models the kind of multi-institutional partnership SDG 17 envisions for technology governance. Capacity building for practitioners from developing states (SDG 4) and the non-discrimination framework embedded in HUDERIA (SDG 5) complete the picture of AI governance as a sustainable development enabler.
- Objective 1: Close all digital divides and accelerate progress across the Sustainable Development Goals
- Objective 2: Expand inclusion in and benefits from the digital economy for all
- Objective 3: Foster an inclusive, open, safe and secure digital space that respects, protects and promotes human rights
- Objective 4: Advance responsible, equitable and interoperable data governance approaches
- Objective 5: Enhance international governance of artificial intelligence for the benefit of humanity
https://www.coe.int/en/web/artificial-intelligence/the-framework-convention-on-artificial-intelligence
https://www.coe.int/en/web/artificial-intelligence/cdnet
https://www.coe.int/en/web/artificial-intelligence/huderia-risk-and-impact-assessment-of-ai-systems
https://rm.coe.int/prems-002726-gbr-2006-huderia-texte-web-a4/48802ba7b1