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2.3 Research networks standards developers in understanding user needs,
identifying requirements needed to meet user expectations
2.3.1 Qualinet and developing a baseline for interoperability requirements.
XR use cases have been described across a range of
Qualinet is a network of European researchers with the main standards-related literature (both normative and informative
scientific objective of developing methodologies for publications) including SVTA’s extended reality brief,
subjective and objective quality metrics addressing trends in VRIF’s guidelines on live VR services, multiple 3GPP
multimedia communication systems. Qualinet outputs technical reports including TR 26.862 (immersive
include research papers, position papers (white papers) and teleconferencing), TR 26.928 (XR services in 5G), TR
databases containing audiovisual and subjective datasets. 26.918 (VR use cases) and TR 26.998 (AR use cases over
Findings of the research network have been contributed to 5G), an ETSI report (ETSI GR ARF 002) on AR industrial
international standardization efforts on immersive media use cases and specifications (ETSI GS MEC 002 and GS
experiences, notably to ITU-T Study Group 12. MEC-IEG 004) on XR over mobile edge computing, as well
as a few ITU Recommendations including ITU-T G.1036
3. XR STANDARDS (AR use cases) and ITU-T H.430.3 (use cases on Immersive
Live Experiences (ILEs)).
An analysis of published outputs from the organizations
introduced above reveals two main themes being explored in In addition to these broader use case descriptions, some
XR standardization work: (1) building capabilities for XR standards offer guidance on deploying specific XR use cases
interoperability by establishing common understanding such as IEEE 1589 (AR-assisted learning), ITU-T F.740.2
(standard terminology), identifying key system and user (AR artwork) and ITU-T J.301 (AR-enabled smart television
requirements (design guidelines and system standards) and services).
developing compatible interfaces and data formats for XR
services and applications; and (2) defining XR user ITU-T Technical Report GSTR-5GQoE on QoE
experience requirements addressing accessibility and quality requirements for real-time multimedia services over 5G
aspects. In this section, we introduce a selection of existing networks discusses MR offloading implementation scenarios,
technical standards and specifications, grouped by theme, architecture and derives relevant KPIs [10].
relevant to the creation, delivery, and deployment of XR
experiences. 3.1.2 Design guidelines, system standards, and APIs

Table 2 includes an overview of the standards and Baseline requirements for implementing XR are provided in
specifications covered in this paper. use case publications (as outlined in Section 3.1.1), e.g.
ITU-T H.430.3 which covers not only use cases but also key
3.1 Interoperability requirements and architectural considerations for
implementing ILE.
3.1.1 Terminology, use cases
Complementary to this are the other parts of the ITU-T
Terminology is often the first element to be standardized for H.430.x series which offer additional guidance on
any new technology as it provides the foundation for implementing ILE including high-level functional
interoperability. Current work on standard terminology for requirements (H.430.1) and architecture (H.430.2),
XR tends to feature more within standards offering guidance signalling aspects (H.430.4) and a reference model for ILE
on other topics under the XR umbrella, as in the case of [1], presentation (H.430.5). ITU-T J.302 offers detailed system
rather than standalone lexicons such as CTA-2069-A. requirements for AR-enabled smart TV services to
complement the use case descriptions in ITU-T J.301.
Although varying definitions are adopted within these and Additional video and system parameters supporting
other standards, terminology seems to converge towards a immersive media in TV broadcasting services are specified
common level of understanding. For example, adopted in ITU-R BT.2123-0.
definitions for AR in a sample of standards [1, 8, 9] converge
towards a uniform interpretation of AR as a superimposition ETSI specifies a functional reference architecture (ETSI GS
of virtual objects to the “real”/physical world. ITU-T P.1320 ARF 003) and detailed interoperability requirements (ETSI
as well as CTA-2069-A and CTA-2085 standards altogether GS ARF 004-x series) for AR components, systems, and
outline key terms for XR and could potentially be used in services in addition to the requirements described in ETSI
combination as a “comprehensive XR glossary”. Ongoing GR ARF 002.
work under IEEE P2048, which aims to define terminology
for immersive video, audio, and VR/AR devices, could also VRIF outlines interoperability guidelines and best practices
complement this list once complete. for VR content production and distribution for VR
implementers in VRIF Guidelines 2.3 using MPEG
XR is being applied extensively e.g. in entertainment and standards described in the following section as a basis.
gaming, healthcare, e-commerce, education, etc. and an
analysis of its application in these areas provides guidance to

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