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                           7.  CONCLUSION                         and direct revocation in iiot,” IEEE Transactions on
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           A ledger-based points transfer system has many potential  2021.
           advantages over  traditional centralized systems and
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           storage-constrained IoT nodes. More and more lightweight  “Iot:  The  era  of  lpwan  is  starting  now,”  in  ESSCIRC
           ledger techniques are being studied, but they are still  Conference 2016:  42nd European Solid-State Circuits
           insufficient in performance for LPWAN scenarios. To solve  Conference, 2016, pp. 25–30.
           this problem, we try to maintain the transaction records  [7] M.  Chen,  Y.  Miao,  Y.  Hao,  and  K.  Hwang,  “Narrow
           of the whole system by selecting some nodes as ledger  band  internet  of  things,”  IEEE  Access,  vol.  5,  pp.
           nodes through a K-means clustering method. Reducing the
                                                                  20 557–20 577, 2017.
           number of ledger nodes can reduce the amount of packet
           generation for the whole system, reduce congestion, and  [8] A.  J.  Wixted,  P.  Kinnaird,  H.  Larijani,  A.  Tait,
           speed up the transaction time. However, it still can reduce  A. Ahmadinia, and N. Strachan, “Evaluation of lora and
           the security and integrity of the whole system.  In this  lorawan  for  wireless  sensor  networks,”  in  2016  IEEE
           paper, through simulation experiments, a specific threshold  SENSORS, 2016, pp. 1–3.
           is found for different network situations to both reduce the  [9] K.  Yu,  Z.  Guo,  Y.  Shen,  W.  Wang,  J.  C.-W.  Lin,
           overall network packet and guarantee a high level of system  and  T.  Sato,  “Secure  artificial  intelligence  of  things
           security.  Specific contributions are as follows.  1) We  for implicit group recommendations,” IEEE Internet of
           propose an optimized packet transmission mechanism for
                                                                  Things Journal, pp. 1–1, 2021.
           the ledger-based integral transmission system in LPWAN.
           2) Simulation results show that our proposed mechanism  [10] K. Yu, M. Arifuzzaman, Z. Wen, D. Zhang, and T. Sato,
           can well reduce the packet traffic in LPWAN and improve  “A key management scheme for secure communications
           the success rate of transactions; 3) We summarize the  of information centric advanced metering infrastructure
           standardization work of ITU-T, ISO, and IEEE on distributed  in  smart  grid,”  IEEE  Transactions  on  Instrumentation
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                         ACKNOWLEGEMENT
                                                                  blockchain-empowered  access  control  framework  for
                                                                  smart devices in green internet of things,” ACM Trans.
           This research and development work was supported by
           the MIC/SCOPE 205003002, “Certification System Using   Internet  Technol.,  vol.  21,  no.  3,  Jun.  2021.  [Online].
           Simplified LPWA based Distributed Ledger Technology”.  Available:  https://doi.org/10.1145/3433542
                                                              [12] N.  Shi,  L.  Tan,  W.  Li,  X.  Qi,  and  K.  Yu,  “A
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