Page 65 - ITU Journal Future and evolving technologies Volume 2 (2021), Issue 7 – Terahertz communications

ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies, Volume 2 (2021), Issue 7

To improve productivity (e.g. detection of plant viruses, 2.4 Environment sector
soil humidity degree), a farmer needs to monitor nume-
Environmental safety is one of the sectors where nano‑
rous parameters (Fig. 3). Wireless nano‑sensors need
technology may have a major impact. Through the ins‑
to be used to realize the vision of intelligent agriculture.
tallation of nano‑sensors in high density public locations
One can deploy autonomous nano‑sensors around the
(e.g. hospitals, airports, and restaurants), authorities can
plants to monitor soil condition and plant viruses,
trace the circulation of viruses and notice how various
which gives them all the information about the
types of people are affected. Nanosensor networks could
environmental condi‑ tions of the plants using a simple
portable device. also be utilised to monitor the environment, such as
pollution and gas emission.
WNSN technology will contribute in generating the tools
Water is the lifeblood of the world, hence the importance
for establishing a real‑time plant monitoring system, com‑
of monitoring its quality and safety. We can bene it from
posed of a chemical nano‑sensor merged with plants.
nano‑sensors in detecting bacteria, diseases and other
Chemical nano‑sensor nodes are miniaturized machines
harmful infectious agents, especially when improvement
that interact with the environment to collect chemical
is made close to the point of use at the household. Nano‑
compounds disseminated by plants. Micro‑gateways can
sensors can also be used in lood‑prone rivers near resi‑
interconnect data collected from the nanonetwork to the
dential places. These sensors can measure the water level
external network, and to the decision of icer of the ana‑
in rivers, and send the information to the control and de‑
lytical laboratory [11].
cision room in real time (Fig. 5).
2.3 Civil engineering sector
Developments in nanotechnology can it construc‑
tion engineering by enabling the practical deployment of
structural condition monitoring systems for large civil en‑
gineering systems (Fig. 4). Nanonodes can be integrated
into a composite material that can provide information on
its performance and environmental conditions by moni‑
toring structural loads, temperature, and humidity. It can
be used for the construction of smart buildings [12]. Also,
they could be coated into bridges, as prevention monito-
ring against degradation and cracking in order to alert
the decision‑making authorities well before the damage is
de‑ tectable by human inspectors [13].

Fig. 5 – A water monitoring architecture.
To summarise, numerous applications use heterogeneous
wireless networks. The biggest challenge remaining is
the design of the routing protocols, which will face the
challenges of different node densities in several regions,
and in this context we focus on the in luence of the sleep
mechanism on the delivery of data packets to their de‑
sired destination. This is the focus of the evaluation sec‑
tion in this article.
Fig. 4 – Smart composite materials based on nanotechnology, for civil
engineering applications.
3. BACKGROUND
Nanonodes could also be embedded into roads and struc‑
tures to allow engineers to monitor deterioration and In this work, we target potentially very dense, multi‑hop
cracking, thus saving physical intervention. Road sensor nano‑network(s). The contributions of this paper are pre‑
networks could gather and provide data to transport sented later, but they are built upon a collection of pro‑
operators to better control and detect congestion and tocols already independently designed for those dense
incidents. nano‑networks. In this section we give the necessary

© International Telecommunication Union, 2021 53