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science solution providers to solve urban challenges. Open source city science applications
                can provide advantages in terms of security, quality, customizability, flexibility, and cost among
                others. They can provide city science entrepreneurs and businesses with an already available
                solution for implementation; which can incentivize further innovation by enhancing and
                advancing already available city science applications. Open source also encourages sharing of
                city science applications among cities (as they are openly accessible).
            xvii.   Sharing city science solutions across cities and scaling them up: Cities globally share common
                challenges and problems to a certain extent. Hence, creating platforms whereby city science
                solutions are shared and even enhanced based on real cities’ needs are very important in
                boosting city science. Usage (adoption) of city science solutions by several cities will expand the
                potential market opportunity for entrepreneurs and businesses. It will help in scaling up city
                science solutions and will also enable further R&D for city science solutions.

            xviii.   Cross-city collaboration for urban problem solving: Each city on its own may find it both
                commercially and also operationally challenging to flourish city science due to various restrictions
                (e.g. human capital, financing, market size). On the other hand, cross-city collaborations may
                amplify the magnitude of city science potential in terms of resources, market opportunities
                and portfolio of feasible solutions. This scaling up opportunity may render city science solutions
                feasible, which otherwise would not. Hence, cities can form multiple city collaborations and
                partnerships to boost city science while addressing their own challenges and creating real market
                opportunities for businesses. Bilateral or multilateral agreements and partnerships can be
                established to help city science develop locally, regionally and globally as well.













































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