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17 Datta A (2015). New urban utopias of postcolonial India: ’Entrepreneurial urbanization’ in
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18 Sajhau P (2017). IBM-building sustainable cities through partnerships and integrated
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19 Lim Y, Edelenbos J & Gianoli A (2019). Identifying the results of smart city development:
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20 In particular, smart interventions should not contribute to increasing inequality (SDG5 and
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21 Bettencourt L, West G, 2010. A unified theory of urban living. Nature 467, 912–913. https://
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22 Axelrod R, Cohen MD (2001). Harnessing Complexity, Basic Books.

23 http:// thecommonwealth .org/ our -work/ small -states ?page = 1
24 Examples: 1% in Tanzania, 7% in South Africa, 10% in Chad and 56% in Mauritius. Only 7
countries reported more than 10% in recent surveys. http:// documents1 .worldbank .org/
curated/ en/ 518261552658319590/ pdf/ Internet -Access -in -Sub -Saharan -Africa .pdf

25 https:// newclimateeconomy .report/ workingpapers/ wp -content/ uploads/ sites/ 5/ 2016/ 04/
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26 Smith ME (2009). Cities, Towns, and Urbanism: Comment on Sanders and Webster, October
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.02a00180
27 Wiechmann T (2007). What are the problems of shrinking cities? Lessons learned from an
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28 https:// www .theguardian .com/ world/ 2010/ dec/ 17/ detroit -shrinking
29 Hollander JB & Németh J (2011). The bounds of smart decline: a foundational theory for
planning shrinking cities. Housing and Policy Debate, 21(3): 349–367. https:// doi .org/ 10
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30 https:// www .worldatlas .com/ articles/ the -fastest -growing -cities -in -the -world .html
31 Bevan DL (2012). Aid, Fiscal Policy, Climate Change, and Growth, UNU-WIDER Working Paper
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32 Odaro ED (2012). Causes of poor service delivery on Africa and their impact on
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33 Lorenz F (2015). Smart Cities Will Work If We Put People - Not Technology - First. Smart Cities
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34 Innovation does not necessarily mean invention, which is the creation of a new product or
process. Innovation is about improving an existing product or process, perhaps by using

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