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Case              Information                Communication                Outcomes

              7  Smart street   Lights use environmental   Information is transmitted   Energy savings
              lighting       conditions (e.g., ambient   from the lights to the city for   Lower costs, including
                             light and human presence)   analysis using a network     for maintenance
                             to turn on and off
                                                         Sensors are used to detect   Reduced emissions
                             Usage patterns are          environmental conditions
                             recorded and give                                        Greater sense of safety
                             operational insights                                     for residents
              8  Public      Schedules, location of      Google maps (a well-known    Passengers save time
              transport      stations, routes and modes   and widely-used platform) is   and cost by comparing
              information    of transport are collected in   used to communicate with   their options
              system         one place                   users.
                                                                                      Encourages use of
                             Trip duration and cost      City shares transportation   public transport,
                             information                 information with Google      contributes to lower
                                                         Transit by uploading files   emissions
                             Real-time departure and
                             arrival times, service alerts
              9  Aquaponics   Information about farming   Online sharing of information  Good source of food
              for food       methods, technical set-up   needed to succeed            for contexts with
              security                                                                limited freshwater or
                             Information about markets,   Partnering with researchers,   land for agriculture and
                             access to finance and other   agricultural organisations   high market prices for
                             business matters            and business incubators to   vegetables and fish
                                                         support farmers
              10  Conscious   Information about the      Face-to-face facilitated     Proactive analysis of
              crisis         crises, responses and       review process               crises responses and
              management     consequences is collected   Participatory tools to collect   actions to improve in
                             and stored in city archives                              future.
                                                         views of the public
                             Analysis of the data using   Share steps to implement    Infuses a spirit of
                             defined tools                                            prevention among the
                                                         recommendations in city
                             Input from the local        annual plans                 residents
                             population




            In these examples, it is observed that smart interventions always involve the collection of data and
            its analysis as well as the communication of information between stakeholders. These two steps
            are often improved by the use of technologies, but this is not always necessary. In circumstances
            where knowledge is embedded in individuals, such as in Case 5 (student ambassadors) and Case 9
            (researchers) the digital encoding of data may be inappropriate. Likewise, there are circumstances
            (such as in Cases 4, 5 and 10) in which face-to-face human communication is more effective than
            that mediated by technology.


            Nevertheless, the analysis of interventions in terms of information and communication provides an
            opportunity for cities to evaluate how each of these two aspects might be addressed more smartly,
            including through the use of new technologies.








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