Page 86 - ITUJournal Future and evolving technologies Volume 2 (2021), Issue 1
P. 86
ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies, Volume 2 (2021), Issue 1
livestock, and so on, once disseminated, will help it is not heavily occupied. Existing wireless
humanity to fight against bureaucracy and technology cannot meet the demands of
mismanagement by means of better understanding future ultra-wideband networks, since data
of the relevant technocratic, natural and socio- rates beyond 10 Gbps are not achievable by
economic processes and their interactions and current millimeter wave systems, which are
impact. typically operating below 60 GHz. The
frequency band of 275~3 000 GHz is
In terms of importance, the spectrum ranks
alongside national energy resources or reserves of especially of interest for future wireless
raw minerals. The efficient use of the spectrum in systems with 100 Gbps data rates. Although
radio equipment for this range is still in a very
the modern world has a major impact on economic
development and is a critical factor of sustainable early stage of development, some studies
development. show its potential applications [11]. Any
future use of the range will be extremely
3. LIMITATION OF SPECTRUM USE constrained by the propagation
characteristics, and in particular by high
The spectrum as a natural resource can be classified
as follows [10]: levels of rain attenuation and transmission
path loss. Such quality of spectrum will make
– a category of energy resources, subcategory ultra-high frequencies unsuitable for the
artificially activated energy sources, along majority of conventional applications;
with atomic and thermonuclear energy; – Technical limits. Spectrum use is limited by
– a renewable resource; the extent to which it can be shared by
– spectrum sharing by multiple radio systems is different radio systems, given the potential
possible using a combination of factors for harmful interference which can have a
relating to time/phase, space, frequency major impact on the quality of service. In
dimensions and performance characteristics. other words, technical conditions for a given
system to use spectrum is determined by
Complex technological processes of spectrum electromagnetic compatibility conditions
exploitation define interdependent vectors of imposed by other radio systems, operating in
interfaced limitation: the same band and in the same location. From
– Physical limits. The choice of spectrum for the economic theory, unintentional
most radio technologies is complicated by the interference could be regarded as a negative
varying quality of the resource in terms of externality. Waves emitted by a radio system
radiowave attenuation and propagation constitute a wanted signal for the receiver
characteristic. As an example, only a few within that system and enable it to operate,
specific bands are suitable for monitoring but may cause harmful interference to other
particular natural features, depending on the radio systems, degrading their operating
unique resonance frequencies, and they must quality or preventing operation altogether.
be protected from all man-made radiation in Mutual interference is a main reason for
order to ensure measurement quality. international and national spectrum
Physical limits have a major strong impact on management systems, to ensure the
economic indicators of spectrum use projects. possibility of a globally coordinated use of the
Sometimes a radio application can utilize a resource. The potential of a radio system in
less occupied, higher frequency range terms of the creation of and sensitivity to
alternative, but it will require more interference is determined by the
investment/operational costs to provide the performance of the radio equipment used,
same quality of service, challenging project which is dependent on the operational quality
efficiency; and ultimately the cost of the radio systems;
– Technological limits. With industry evolution, – Administrative limits. International and
the upper boundary of the usable spectrum is national use of the spectrum is based on block
constantly raised. Currently the spectrum allocation of the resource among different
between 3 kHz and 100 GHz is actively used, users/radio services in technical terms. Any
while the range from 100 to 275 GHz has a radio system may use a frequency band that
certain potential for use, although at present is administratively defined in an international
70 © International Telecommunication Union, 2021
