Page 121 - ITU Journal Future and evolving technologies – Volume 2 (2021), Issue 2

ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies, Volume 2 (2021), Issue 2

ȏͶͶȐ —ƒ Šƒ‰ǡ ‡‹ ‹ƒ‘ǡ ‹›ƒ‘ ƒǡ ƒ† ‹ƒ‘Œ— ‹Ǥ ȏͷͶȐ ‡‹ˆ‡‹ Š‡ǡ ‹‰™‡ Š‘—ǡ ‹ƒ‘›— ‹ƒǡ ƒ‹ ‹ǡ ƒ†
Dz ›ƒ‹ ‡”˜‹ ‡ Žƒ ‡‡– ˆ‘” ‹”–—ƒŽ ‡ƒŽ‹–› ‹ƒ‰ ‡Ǥ Dz ’–‹ƒŽ ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ †‡’Ž‘›‡– ‹ ‘Ǧ
”‘—’ ƒ‹‰ ‘ ‘„‹Ž‡ †‰‡ Ž‘—†Ž‡–•dzǤ ǣ „‹Ž‡ ‡†‰‡ ‘’—–‹‰ ‡˜‹”‘‡–dzǤ ǣ ͸Ͷ͸Ͷ
‘—”ƒŽ ‘ ‡Ž‡ –‡† ”‡ƒ• ‹ ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘• ͵͹Ǥͺ ͷ͹–Š –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ‘ Ž‘—† ‘’—–‹‰
ȋʹͲͳͻȌǡ ’’Ǥ ͳͺͺͳȂͳͺͻ͹Ǥ ȋ ȌǤ Ǥ ʹͲʹͲǡ ’’Ǥ ͳͺͶȂͳͻʹǤ
ȏͶͷȐ ‡”‹ƒ Ž‡ ƒ”ǡ ”‹•–‹ƒ‘ ‘–Šǡ ‘†‘Žˆ‘ –—‡•ǡ ȏͷͷȐ ‘”‡œ‘ ‘”‡‘ǡ ‹–‹†‡” ‘Šƒǡ Ž‡•ƒ†” ƒǦ
‡Ž†‡” Ž‹˜‡‹”ƒǡ †—ƒ”†‘ ‡”“—‡‹”ƒǡ ƒ† ‡‹• ˜‘†‘˜•‹ǡ ƒŽ–‡” ‘‰ǡ Š”‹•–‹ƒ ‘Š‡”ǡ ‡” —Ǧ
ƴ
‘•ƒ”‹‘Ǥ Dz ›ƒ‹ ‹ ”‘•‡”˜‹ ‡ ŽŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘ ˆ‘” ‹”Ǧ ‹‰„‡”‰ǡ ƒ† —••‹ ƒ‰ƒ•Šƒ”Œ—Ǥ Dzȋ ‘™ — ŠȌ ƒ
–—ƒŽ ‡ƒŽ‹–› ‹•–”‹„—–‹‘ ™‹–Š ‘ •—’’‘”–dzǤ ǣ †‰‡ ‘’—–‹‰ Šƒ‰‡ ‡–™‘” ƒ–‡ ›ǫdz ǣ
”ƒ•ƒ –‹‘• ‘ ‡–™‘” ƒ† ‡”˜‹ ‡ ƒƒ‰‡Ǧ ͸Ͷ͸ͷ ‡–™‘”‹‰ ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ȋ ‡–™‘”Ǧ
‡– ȋʹͲʹͳȌǤ ‹‰ȌǤ Ǥ ʹͲʹͳǡ ’’Ǥ ͳȂͻǤ
ȏͶ͸Ȑ ‡†‘™ƒ ƒŠ—†ǡ ƒ–‹•Š ƒ”ƒ›ƒƒ ”‹”ƒƒǡ ‘–ƒǦ ȏͷ͸Ȑ ‡‰ ‡‰ǡ ‘‰œŠ‡‰ ‡ǡ ‹ƒ‘Š‡‰ ‡‰ǡ ƒ†
‰‹”‹ ƒƒ‘Šƒƒ”ƒ‘ǡ ƒ† ƒŒ—ƒ” —››ƒǤ Dz —ƒŽǦ ‡Œ‹ƒ ‹Ǥ Dz ‘•–Ǧ‡ˆˆ‡ –‹˜‡ ‡†‰‡ •‡”˜‡” ’Žƒ ‡‡– ‹
‹–› ‘ˆ š’‡”‹‡ ‡ ȋ ‘ ȌǦƒ™ƒ”‡ ’Žƒ ‡‡– ‘ˆ ƒ’Ǧ ™‹”‡Ž‡•• ‡–”‘’‘Ž‹–ƒ ƒ”‡ƒ ‡–™‘”•dzǤ ǣ ‡•‘”•
’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘• ‹ ‘‰ ‘’—–‹‰ ‡˜‹”‘‡–•dzǤ ǣ ͳͻǤͳ ȋʹͲͳͻȌǡ ’Ǥ ͵ʹǤ
‘—”ƒŽ ‘ˆ ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž ƒ† ‹•–”‹„—–‡† ‘’—–‹‰ ͳ͵ʹ ȏͷ͹Ȑ Ǧ ƒǡ ‹‡–”‘ ‹ Š‹ƒ”†‹ǡ Žƒ—†‹‘ ƒ•‡––‹ǡ Ǧ Š‹Ǧ
ȋʹͲͳͻȌǡ ’’Ǥ ͳͻͲȂʹͲ͵Ǥ ƒ••‡”‹‹ǡ ƒ† ƒ” ‘ ‹‘”‡Ǥ Dz Ž‹‰Š–™‡‹‰Š– †‹•Ǧ
ȏͶ͹Ȑ ‘Šƒƒ† ‘—†ƒ”œ‹ǡ ƒ”‹—–Š— ƒŽƒ‹•™ƒ‹ǡ –”‹„—–‡† •‘Ž—–‹‘ –‘ ‘–‡– ”‡’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‹ ‘„‹Ž‡
ƒ† ƒŒ—ƒ” —››ƒǤ Dz †‹•–”‹„—–‡† ƒ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ ‡–™‘”•dzǤ ǣ ͸ͶͷͶ ‹”‡Ž‡•• ‘—‹ ƒ–‹‘
’Žƒ ‡‡– ƒ† ‹‰”ƒ–‹‘ ƒƒ‰‡‡– –‡ Š‹“—‡• ƒ† ‡–™‘”‹‰ ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡Ǥ Ǥ ʹͲͳͲǡ ’’Ǥ ͳȂ͸Ǥ
ˆ‘” ‡†‰‡ ƒ† ˆ‘‰ ‘’—–‹‰ ‡˜‹”‘‡–•dzǤ ǣ ȏͷͺȐ Šƒ””—Š ƒƒ ƒ† ƒ‹‡Ž ”‘•—Ǥ Dz †‹•–”‹„—–‡†
͸Ͷ͸ͷ ͷͼ–Š ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ‘ ‘’—–‡” ‹‡ ‡ ƒ† Ǧ ƒŽ‰‘”‹–Š ˆ‘” –Š‡ ”‡’Ž‹ ƒ ’Žƒ ‡‡– ’”‘„Ž‡dzǤ ǣ
–‡ŽŽ‹‰‡ ‡ ›•–‡• ȋ ‡† ȌǤ Ǥ ʹͲʹͳǡ ’’Ǥ ͵͹Ȃͷ͸Ǥ ”ƒ•ƒ –‹‘• ‘ ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž ƒ† ‹•–”‹„—–‡† ›•Ǧ
ȏͶͺȐ ƒ”‹†Š‹ƒ ƒ›ƒŽ ƒ† ‘”‰ ‹‡„‡Š‡””Ǥ Dz —–‘‘‹ –‡• ʹʹǤͻ ȋʹͲͳͳȌǡ ’’Ǥ ͳͶͷͷȂͳͶ͸ͺǤ
Dž
•‡”˜‹ ‡ ’Žƒ ‡‡– ‹ ˆ‘‰ ‘’—–‹‰dzǤ ǣ ͸ͶͷͿ ȏͷͻȐ ƒƒ‰‹‘–‹• ƒ–ƒœ‘’‘—Ž‘•ǡ ‡”‘—”‹• ƒ”ƒŽ‹‘’‘—Ǧ
͸Ͷ–Š –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ›’‘•‹— ‘dz ‘”Ž† ‘ˆ ‹”‡Ǧ Ž‘•ǡ ƒ† ‘ƒ‹• –ƒ˜”ƒƒ‹•Ǥ Dz ‹•–”‹„—–‡† ’Žƒ ‡Ǧ
Ž‡••ǡ ‘„‹Ž‡ ƒ† —Ž–‹‡†‹ƒ ‡–™‘”•dzȋ ‘ ‘ ȌǤ ‡– ‘ˆ ƒ—–‘‘‹ ‹–‡”‡– •‡”˜‹ ‡•dzǤ ǣ
Ǥ ʹͲͳͻǡ ’’Ǥ ͳȂͻǤ –”ƒ•ƒ –‹‘• ‘ ’ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž ƒ† †‹•–”‹„—–‡† •›•–‡•
ȏͶͻȐ —ƒœŠ‡ ‹ǡ ‘ Š‘—ǡ ‹ƒ‘ ƒǡ ƒ† Šƒ‰‰—ƒ‰ ʹͷǤ͹ ȋʹͲͳ͵Ȍǡ ’’Ǥ ͳ͹ͲʹȂͳ͹ͳʹǤ
ƒ‰Ǥ Dz ”‘ϐ‹–Ǧƒ™ƒ”‡ †‰‡ ‡”˜‡” Žƒ ‡‡–dzǤ ǣ ȏ͸ͲȐ Ž‡‹ ƒ˜˜ƒ†‹ƒǡ ’›”‘• ƒ‰‹ƒ†‹‘•ǡ ‘•–ƒ–‹‘•
–‡”‡– ‘ˆ Š‹‰• ‘—”ƒŽ ȋʹͲʹͳȌǤ ‹‘‘‘—ǡ ‹‘”‰‘• •‹‘—–•‹‘—Ž‹Ž‹•ǡ ƒ† ‘‹ƒ
ȏͷͲȐ •Šƒ ‘—•‡ˆ’‘—”ǡ •Š‹•Š ƒ–‹Žǡ ‡›ƒ •Š‹‰ƒ‹ǡ ÇDž••ƒǤ Dz Žƒ•–‹ ˜‹”–—ƒŽ ƒ Š‹‡ ’Žƒ ‡‡– ‹ Ž‘—†
™‘‘‰ ‹ǡ ‹ ƒ‰ǡ ƒ‹ ƒƒ›ƒǡ ‹‘‰ ‘’—–‹‰ ‡–™‘” ‡˜‹”‘‡–•dzǤ ǣ ‘’—–‡”
Šƒ‰ǡ ‡‹•Š‡‰ ‹‡ǡ ƒ† ƒ•‘ —‡Ǥ Dz ǣ ‡–™‘”• ͻ͵ ȋʹͲͳͷȌǡ ’’Ǥ Ͷ͵ͷȂͶͶ͹Ǥ
Ž‹‰Š–™‡‹‰Š– ‘ Ǧƒ™ƒ”‡ †›ƒ‹ ˆ‘‰ •‡”˜‹ ‡ ’”‘Ǧ ȏ͸ͳȐ ›ƒ Š‡ƒǡ ‹ƒ‰ Š—ƒ ‹—ǡ †‹–Š Ǧ ‰ƒ‹ǡ ƒ†
˜‹•‹‘‹‰ ˆ”ƒ‡™‘”dzǤ ǣ –‡”‡– ‘ˆ Š‹‰• ‘‰ —‹Ǥ Dz Ž‘—† ‰ƒ‹‰ǣ ƒ” Š‹–‡ –—”‡ ƒ† ’‡”ˆ‘”Ǧ
‘—”ƒŽ ͸Ǥ͵ ȋʹͲͳͻȌǡ ’’Ǥ ͷͲͺͲȂͷͲͻ͸Ǥ ƒ ‡dzǤ ǣ ‡–™‘” ʹ͹ǤͶ ȋʹͲͳ͵Ȍǡ ’’Ǥ ͳ͸ȂʹͳǤ
ȏͷͳȐ ‡”‘ ƒŠ†‡”ƒ–ƒǡ ‡‡— ‡’’ƒ‡ǡ ‡‡ƒ —Šƒǡ ȏ͸ʹȐ –Šƒƒ•‹‘• •‹’‹•ǡ ‘•–ƒ–‹‘• ‹‘‘‘—ǡ
Dž
Dž
ƒ—”‹ ‘˜‡ǡ ”‹ ƒ”Œ—Žƒǡ ‹ƒ Ž‹ƒ––‹Žƒǡ —ƒ ƒ•‹Ž‡‹‘• ‘‹ƒ‘•ǡ ƒ† ‘ƒ‹• –ƒ˜”ƒƒ‹•Ǥ
ƴ
Dž
Dž
‹‡‹ǡ ƒ† ‹‘ ‹ŽŽƒ’ƒƒǤ Dz †‰‡ ‘’—–‹‰ Dz ‘ Ǧ ™ƒ”‡ ‡†‡”‹‰ ‡”˜‹ ‡ ŽŽ‘ ƒ–‹‘ ‹
•‡”˜‡” ’Žƒ ‡‡– ™‹–Š ƒ’ƒ ‹–ƒ–‡† Ž‘ ƒ–‹‘ ƒŽŽ‘ ƒǦ ‘‰Ǧ ••‹•–‡† Ž‘—† ƒ‹‰ ˜‹”‘‡–•dzǤ ǣ
–‹‘dzǤ ǣ ‘—”ƒŽ ‘ˆ ƒ”ƒŽŽ‡Ž ƒ† ‹•–”‹„—–‡† ‘’—–Ǧ ͸Ͷ͸Ͷ ͻ–Š ‘—–ŠǦ ƒ•– —”‘’‡ ‡•‹‰ —–‘ƒ–‹‘ǡ
‹‰ ͳͷ͵ ȋʹͲʹͳȌǡ ’’Ǥ ͳ͵ͲȂͳͶͻǤ ‘’—–‡” ‰‹‡‡”‹‰ǡ ‘’—–‡” ‡–™‘”• ƒ†
ȏͷʹȐ — Šƒ‘ǡ ‡ƒ ƒǡ ‘ ‹ǡ ‹ƒ‰ ‡ǡ ‹ —ƒ‰ǡ ‘ ‹ƒŽ ‡†‹ƒ ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ȋ Ǧ ȌǤ Ǥ
‘‰ —ǡ ‹†ƒ —ǡ ƒ† — ƒ‰Ǥ Dz ‘‹– Šƒ”‡ƒ„‹ŽǦ ʹͲʹͲǡ ’’Ǥ ͳȂͺǤ
‹–› ƒ† –‡”ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ˆ‘” —Ž–‹’Ž‡ †‰‡ ’’Ž‹ ƒ–‹‘ ȏ͸͵Ȑ —› Ž‡•ǡ —‹Ž ƒŽ‹†‹†‹ǡ ƒ––Š‡™ ‡ƒ—•ƒ•ǡ
‡’Ž‘›‡– ‹ ‘„‹Ž‡ †‰‡ ‘’—–‹‰ ˜‹”‘Ǧ ƒ† Ž ‘”–‘Ǥ Dz ‘‡Ǧ™ƒ› †‡Žƒ› ‡–”‹ ˆ‘”
‡–dzǤ ǣ –‡”‡– ‘ˆ Š‹‰• ‘—”ƒŽ ȋʹͲʹͳȌǤ ’‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ ‡–”‹ • ȋ ȌdzǤ ǣ ǡ ƒ—ƒ”› ͳͲ
ȏͷ͵Ȑ ƒŽƒ•Š ‘›ǡ —Œƒ ƒ”‡”ǡ † „†—” ƒœœƒ“—‡ǡ ȋʹͲͳ͸ȌǤ
‘Šƒƒ† ‡Š‡†‹ ƒ••ƒǡ ƒŽƒ Ž ƒŠ–ƒ‹ǡ ȏ͸ͶȐ Ž‡”˜‹‡ ‘ œ‡ǡ ‘Šƒ ‹†“˜‹•–ǡƒ† ‹‹ ƒ†ŒǦ
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‹ƒŽ— ƒ Ž‘‹ǡ ƒ† ‹ƒ ƒ”Ž‘ ‘”–‹‘Ǥ Dz Ǧ‡ƒ„Ž‡† ‡Š”ƒ‹Ǥ Dz ‡”ˆ‘”ƒ ‡ •–—†› ‘ˆ ‹š‡† ”‡ƒŽ‹–› ˆ‘”
‘„‹Ž‡ —Ž–‹‡†‹ƒ •‡”˜‹ ‡ ‹•–ƒ ‡ ’Žƒ ‡‡– ‡†‰‡ ‘’—–‹‰dzǤ ǣ ”‘ ‡‡†‹‰• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ͷ͸–Š
• Š‡‡ ‹ ‘„‹Ž‡ ‡†‰‡ ‘’—–‹‰dzǤ ǣ ‘’—–‡” Ȁ –‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒŽ ‘ˆ‡”‡ ‡ ‘ –‹Ž‹–› ƒ†
‡–™‘”• ͳͺʹ ȋʹͲʹͲȌǡ ’Ǥ ͳͲ͹ͷ͹͵Ǥ Ž‘—† ‘’—–‹‰Ǥ ʹͲͳͻǡ ’’Ǥ ʹͺͷȂʹͻͶǤ

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