Page 47 - ITU KALEIDOSCOPE, ATLANTA 2019

ICT for Health: Networks, standards and innovation

be able to take in this disparate end-user equipment and
transmit and receive data from them to upper layers.

Policy & regulation: policies, laws, rules and regulations,
enforcement of the same by public institutions and
governments.

Ease of integration: should be possible to integrate
disparate IoT devices, communication systems based on
different standard and manufacturers.
Figure 2 – Impacting factors of an IoT deployment for
medical healthcare
Flexibility of deployment: IoT architectures need to provide
the mix and match of different deployment architectures,viz.
We define each of these factors in this paper as follows:
private and public networks.
Security: the confidentiality, integrity and/or availability of
data collected by, stored on, processed by, or transmitted to TCO: Total cost of ownership=Capex+ Opex for device and
or from the IoT device [15]. equipment over the solution life cycle.

Privacy: the ability for people to selectively share, to
determine how information about them is collected, used and
passed along [16].

Quality: this determines the accuracy and sensitivity of the
data collection and transmission, quality of service, quality
of data, quality of devices, communication equipment,
methods and procedures.

Mobility: ability to take the IoT sensors, readers,
equipment(s) from a stationary position to other areas and Figure 3 – Enhanced model of an IoT healthcare system
still be functional.
The IoT architecture model has been primarily depicted as 3-
Interoperability: The diverse elements comprising IoT layer [20] [21] [22] and 4-layer [23] [24] [25] [26] in most
(devices, communication, services, applications, etc.) should IoT literature. This paper takes the 4-layer architecture and
seamlessly cooperate and communicate with each other to builds upon it to incorporate the essential elements impacting
realize the full potential of the IoT ecosystem [17]. Ability the IoT ecosystem, security, quality, privacy and policy and
to mix and match more than one OEM’s equipment and regulation. For an IoT-based system to operate all these
applications for an overall solution. elements play their role in this 4-layer architecture.

Standards: established by consensus and approved by a 9. 5G AND WI-FI 6 STANDARDS FOR IOT
recognized body, that provides, for common and repeated SYSTEMS
use, rules, guidelines or characteristics for activities or their
results, aimed at the achievement of the optimum degree of Existing access technologies, NB-IoT, SiGFOX and LoRa
order in a given context [18]. In this paper, we refer to are developed for massive IoT deployments where latency
standards from different bodies like 3GPP, IEEE and the like.
may not be as critical, where the power consumption of the
end devices need to last long and data transmission does not
Certification: IoT devices certified under this scheme require too much bandwidth. Access technologies need to
comply with specified requirements supported by the support both types of requirements, mass deployment with
industry to protect the availability, authenticity, integrity and low throughput and latency and IoT systems where larger
confidentiality of stored or transmitted or processed data or bandwidth and latency become increasingly important. We
the related functions or services offered by, or accessible via discuss in these paper two standards for access systems, 5G
IoT devices throughout their life cycle [19]. This covers and Wi-Fi 6. These two technologies hold promise to the use
aspects such as hardware, software, security, conformity, of applications for critical IoT which requires low latency
quality and safety across the different layers of the IoT and high bandwidths.
architecture.
5G: 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) has been
Multi-device support: Medical IoT systems have end user working on enhancing radio and core standards ever since
equipment from different manufacturers supporting different the early generations of the mobile systems. Release 15
protocols and other technical requirements. Systems should being the first set of 5G system specifications brings new
radio standards (NR) along with enhancements to the

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