Page 148 - Trust in ICT 2017
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2                                                    Trust in ICT


            6       Botnets: Recently, the accounts of a social networking service are used as the command and control
                    channel for a few botnets. It is shutting these accounts down given the ease of access of infected
                    machines via the social networking service.
            7       Advanced persistent threats: One of the key elements of advanced persistent threats (APT) is the
                    gathering  of  intelligences  of  persons  of  interest,  for  which  social  networks  are  a  data  source.
                    Perpetrators  of  APTs  use  this  information  to  further  their  threats  by  placing  more  intelligence
                    gathering (e.g. malware, Trojans), and then gaining access to sensitive systems.
            8       Cross-site request forgery (CSRF): CSRF attacks exploit the trust that a social networking application
                    has in a logged-in user's browser. Consequently, as long as the social network application is not
                    checking the referrer header, it is easy for an attack to "share" an image in a user's event stream
                    that other users might click on to catch and spread the attacks.
            9       Impersonation: The social network accounts of several prominent individuals with thousands of
                    followers  have  been  hacked.  Furthermore,  several  impersonators  have  gathered  hundreds  and
                    thousands of followers.
            10      Trust: The common thread across almost all of the threats is the tremendous amount of trust that
                    users have in social applications. Like e-mail or instant messaging, people trust links, pictures, videos
                    and executables when they come from "friends".

            Political dangers and personal safety of blogs
            Blogging can sometimes have unforeseen consequences in politically sensitive areas. Blogs are much harder
            to control than broadcast or even print media. As a result, some authorities and communities often seek to
            suppress blogs and/or to punish those who maintain them. For example, a blogger was found guilty and
            sentenced for a three-year prison term for insulting Islam and inciting sedition.

            One consequence of blogging is the possibility of attacks or threats against the blogger, sometimes without
            apparent reason. While a blogger's anonymity is often tenuous, Internet trolls who would attack a blogger
            with threats or insults can be emboldened by anonymity. Therefore, the Blogger's Code of Conduct which is
            proposed by Tim O'Reilly for bloggers enforces civility on their blogs by being civil themselves and moderating
            comments on their blog. A proposed list for blogging behaviours is as follows [30]:
            1       Take responsibility not just for your own words, but for the comments you allow on your blog;
            2       Label your tolerance level for abusive comments;
            3       Consider eliminating anonymous comments;
            4       Ignore the trolls;
            5       Take the conversation offline, and talk directly, or find an intermediary of who can do so;

            6       If you know someone who is behaving badly, tell them so;
            7       Do not say anything online that you would not say in person.
            Human right in knowledge society

            Human right and inclusive participation are characteristics of knowledge society. Freedom of expression
            implies freedom of opinion, freedom of speech and of the written word, freedom of the press, free access to
            information, and the free flow of data and information. Human right is summarized as [38]:
            –       Freedom  of  opinion  and  expression  as  well  as  freedom  of  information,  media  pluralism  and
                    academic freedom.
            –       Freedom of expression is a fundamental human right. Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion
                    and expression.
            –       Closely linked with the essential freedom of scientific research and artistic creation.
            –       The right to education towards free access to other levels of education.

            –       The right to "freely to participate in the cultural life of the community, to enjoy and share in scientific
                    advancement and its benefits."



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