Page 146 - Trust in ICT 2017

2 Trust in ICT

Similar to a social graph, a mind map is also used to visually organize information based on hierarchies
and tree structures denoting relationships with a concept. A mind map is created and drawn as an image to
which representations of ideas are added. The concept maps connect multiple words or ideas which has text
labels on their connecting lines.

• Emerging technologies for structured media
For the future of media structure, the documents with website usability are very important to enable content
sharing, creating ideas collectively, and accumulating business intelligence. The web technology with a cloud-
based platform provides the controlled way to share and store documents with the collaboration of users.
The emerging features of future structured media will be based on web technologies as follows:
– (Voice) For voice interaction, document formats representing speech dialogue and specific markup
language for speech recognition are defined in a form of XML. With voice interface at the web
document, it is possible to create new interactive voice applications like a voice browser.
– (Image) For image representation, the colour format of images and the animated format of objects
can be defined as an emerging document, which are natural for interpretation and suitable for user
interaction. To search for image library, the techniques for tagging and indexing images are needed
in the web documents. The images or symbols with textual contents are indexed by the search
engines. In addition, the extraction of text strings from images and symbols of the web documents
is used to represent colour code and indicate real physical components connected to animated
symbols. A fraction of images may contain texts for a specific query.
– (Table) To lay out the contents with table format, the techniques for indexing and analysing tables
are investigated at the web format. The sequence of strings of columns and rows in the table
structure can appear in a graphical form.

– (Graph) The graph representation in the web documents is used to deliver the logical structure of
tasks, algorithms, functionalities, or heuristics, etc. The graph model for HTML documents includes
the tree-structured hierarchy when parsing the tags. To connect nodes in the hierarchy of a graph
model, there are the incoming/outgoing links for query and process. The hyperlink in a graph model
is used to distinguish nodes of external references.
– (Index) The documents in the database or the directory would be well formatted and indexed. The
string of texts in the documents is hyperlinked to the specific URIs of the web. Some images may be
linked with real geographical locations.
– (Semantics) Technically, the semantic web with tags will be coming to mark up semantics on HTML
and XML as well as traditional word-like documents. Most contents have various ontology/XML
standard formats, which are stored in databases with label.

– (Multimodal) The multimodal interface of future web documents is one of the outstanding issues
to be solved in the near future.
– (Language) For exploiting knowledge from documents on the web, the integration of XML
technologies is used for natural language processing. With syntactic and semantic analysis of
language, the self-explaining XML tags can be used to recognize concepts and extract knowledge
from the document.

To cultivate new emerging media, the content authoring tools are also needed to develop. Until now, there
are many ways for authoring multimedia documents. A video description with the structured model is used
for the composition of video elements (character, shot, scene, etc.) with other media objects (text, sound,
image, etc.). The multimedia documents have more complex and sophisticated presentation. For example, a
character in a video is introduced by displaying a textual description when that character occurs. A word in a
text sentence is highlighted when an audio plays out. A hyperlink is set on a video object or on a particular
region of an image. A start time of the video object in the video sequence coordinates the word in the texts
and time location of word pronunciation in the audio or coordinates the video objects and the image regions.
The structured media whose information content is described will make the content information available
for composition process. A structured media contains not only raw data, but also a hierarchical description
of this media content information. Multimedia documents have more complex presentation scenarios and

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