Page 668 - Shaping smarter and more sustainable cities - Striving for sustainable development goals

Urban environment here mainly refers to natural conditions of the city, including geology,
geomorphology, hydrology, climate, flora and fauna, soil and other various factors. Irrational and
excessive expansion of the city's development will lead to the deterioration of the environment.
Urban environmental quality directly affects the operation of a city and the living conditions of
urban inhabitants. To improve inhabitant dwelling, realize IMSSC, and achieve the harmonious
development between human beings and nature, the environment must be the direct object of
IMSSC.

The observing, reporting, analysing, forecasting and decision supporting of all these three direct
objects are implemented by digital equipment and the associated information systems. In this
Technical Report, the challenges listed in Figure 1 as well as the direct objects are abstracted for the
convenience of information representing. The challenges are abstracted events and represented by
event information models. The digital equipment is abstracted as four kinds of information
resources, comprising of sensors, observations, models, and nodes. Among the information
resources, sensors are composed of airborne, space borne, and ground‐based sensor systems, such
as satellite sensors, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), vehicle‐mounted mobile measurement
systems, global positioning systems (GPSs), radio frequency identification (RFID), temperature and
humidity monitors, rainfall sensors and other equipment. This equipment is deployed wherever
events may occur and is applied in event monitoring. Observations refer to the data generated by
sensors, ranging from numerical values to all kinds of images, and they carry the information which
can reflect the event occurrence. There are several kinds of analysing, processing, and forecasting
models, such as hydrological analysis models, transportation congestion processing models, and
pollutant diffusion models, etc. All these models are useful in analysing, processing observations, or
making predictions based on historical and present observations in cases when observations are
obscure and cannot provide the intuitive situation changes. Nodes can be united sensing centers,
integrated processing units or small size application divisions, and they are able to offer significant
decision support for events. Therefore, information resources, including events, sensors,
observations, models, as well as nodes are viewed as the indirect objects of IMSSC in this Technical
Report. The direct and indirect objects of IMSSC are presented in Figure 4.

658 ITU‐T's Technical Reports and Specifications