Page 110 - ITU Journal Future and evolving technologies Volume 2 (2021), Issue 5 – Internet of Everything

ITU Journal on Future and Evolving Technologies, Volume 2 (2021), Issue 5

The first set of shares of a cluster will be
1000 shares, and issue time will depend on network
performance. Naturally, shares will be issued when
they are the most valuable, and also shares will be
sold by investors when they are the most valuable.
Fig. 10 shows the impact of DDF on the number of
distributed shares of a cluster. When DDF increases,
the value of the network cluster will increase and
the price of the issued share will also increase. If the
wireless network serves a diverse set of traffic at
the beginning of network operation, then the share
price will increase faster and will stabilize later
(DDF = 2, 3). An additional set of traffic served by
the network will also increase the price, however
with a decreasing step-size (DDF = 4). In this article,
the demand of investors on the price of shares is not
investigated, and it will be studied in the next article. Fig. 10 – Impact of DDF on the issued VUPU shares
Each network cluster has a cluster head. When
VUPUs are issued for a network cluster, VUPUs are
recoded in small-cell blockchain as part of an
existing block or as a new block. Blocks are
generated by each miner base station in a network
cluster, and each network cluster has a different
number of miners. A consensus algorithm is used to
verify the load of each base station in the network.
Proof of work is used in bitcoin network [2], and
Proof of stake is used in an Ethereum network [12]. Fig. 11 – Cluster head, base stations, and messaging
The Proof of Data Load (PoDLO) consensus
algorithm is a newly introduced consensus Vote means ‘load verification’ messages that each
algorithm and is used to verify the load of a base base station sends to the network cluster. There is
station so that the correct VUPUs are calculated. one cluster head running the consensus algorithm,
A cluster head sends load information to each base and each base station belonging to the cluster sends
station in the cluster, and there might be a direct its load verification votes to the network cluster head.
connection between base stations. If there is no Load verification means the verifying of a load of a
direct connection between two base stations, base station in the network by another base station
messages are relayed through base station(s) in the so that accurate load information can be collected
middle. for better price calculation of network resources.
When a base station verifies a load of another base
There is a total of 6 messages exchanged between station, the verifier base station sends a ‘Yes’ vote to
base stations for a network shown in Fig. 11. Fig. 12 the cluster head, and otherwise the verifier base
shows that there are 2 . N +N . (N-1) = N . (N+1) station sends a ‘No’ vote to the cluster head. If the
messages exchange between nodes, where N is the number of ‘Yes’ votes is larger than ‘No’ votes, then
total number of base stations except the cluster a new block is created that is used to record all
head. This is a logical network architecture with one VUPUs related network transactions.
cluster head controlling two base stations. Since
each VUPU transaction is recorded in a block, the = ( . . ) + ( ) (11)
1
)
(
block creation rate is very crucial. And the block is
created when the network cluster has received where BCR is the block creation rate, C is the
votes from each base station. constant, M is the number of nodes except the
cluster head, DTL is data transmission latency, and
BPS is the base station’s processing speed. BPS can
be represented with a logarithmic function since
processing speed goes down with an increasing

98 © International Telecommunication Union, 2021